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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">psychiatry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ПСИХИАТРИЯ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-8319</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-6667</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “The Mental Health Research Centre”;   LLC «Publisher «MIA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/2618-6667-2023-21-5-56-66</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">psychiatry-1045</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛЫ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ «НЕЙРОВОСПАЛЕНИЕ ПРИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯХ МОЗГА: ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ» МОСКВА 31.01.2023</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нейровоспаление как этиопатогенетический фактор развития медикаментозно-резистентных эпилепсий и эпилептических энцефалопатий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Neuroinflammation as a Main Etiopathogenetic Factor in the Development of Drug-Resistant Epilepsies and Epileptic Encephalopathies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8319-7106</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садыков</surname><given-names>Т. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadykov</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимур Русланович Садыков, кандидат медицинских наук, врач-невролог, заведующий стационарным отделением</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timur R. Sadykov, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Neurologist, Epileptologist, Head of Inpatient Department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">veeg.russia@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7328-5698</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Генералов</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Generalov</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Василий Олегович Генералов, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, врач-невролог, эпилептолог, руководитель клиники</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasily O. Generalov, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Neurologist, Epileptologist, Head of Medical Center</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">planetamed@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3371-7537</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ободзинская</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Obodzinskaya</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Евгеньевна Ободзинская, врач-психиатр, психотерапевт, заведующая отделением митохондриальной медицины</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana E. Obodzinskaya, Psychiatrist, Psychotherapist, Head of Department of Mitochondrial Medicine</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.obodzinskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7190-7413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Югай</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yugay</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антон Меликсович Югай, врач-невролог</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton M. Yugay, Neurologist</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tonyacedoc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4238-5634</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александренкова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrenkova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ангелина Николаевна Александренкова, врач-биохимик</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Angelina A. Aleksandrenkova, Clinical Biochemist</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">videoeeg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8893-6402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларионов</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larionov</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Геннадий Владимирович Ларионов, врач-биохимик</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennady V. Larionov, Clinical Biochemist</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">videoeeg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7778-1079</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никулина</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Niculina</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любовь Владимировна Никулина, врач-биохимик</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov V. Niculina, Clinical Biochemist</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">videoeeg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клиника «Планета Мед»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical Center “PlanetaMed”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Садыков Т.Р., Генералов В.О., Ободзинская Т.Е., Югай А.М., Александренкова А.Н., Ларионов Г.В., Никулина Л.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Садыков Т.Р., Генералов В.О., Ободзинская Т.Е., Югай А.М., Александренкова А.Н., Ларионов Г.В., Никулина Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sadykov T.R., Generalov V.O., Obodzinskaya T.E., Yugay A.M., Aleksandrenkova A.A., Larionov G.V., Niculina L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/1045">https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/1045</self-uri><abstract><p>Обоснование: несмотря на большое количество вновь появляющихся противоэпилептических препаратов, частота резистентных к лечению форм эпилепсии не снижается, составляя в среднем 25–30%. Также отмечается увеличение частоты эпилептических энцефалопатий раннего детского возраста. Одной из причин развития лекарственной резистентности является нейровоспаление. Цель работы: оценить роль нейровоспаления в патогенезе тяжелых форм эпилепсии детского возраста и резистентных эпилепсий взрослых. Пациенты и методы: основная группа 1 — 94 пациента детского возраста с эпилептическими энцефалопатиями, средний возраст 20,4 ± 6,2 мес. Группа контроля 1 — 42 пациента детского возраста, находящиеся в ремиссии эпилепсии, средний возраст 21,3 ± 5,7 мес. Основная группа 2 — 35 пациентов взрослого возраста с резистентными формами эпилепсии, средний возраст 38,3 ± 7,9 года. Группа контроля 2 — пациенты взрослого возраста, находящиеся в ремиссии эпилепсии 47 пациентов, средний возраст 34,2 ± 8,6 года. Проведен анализ уровня маркеров воспаления в крови обследованных: нейронспецифической енолазы, белка S100, эозинофильного катионного белка, уровня общего IgE, суммарного уровня циркулирующих иммунных комплексов, лейкоцитарной эластазы и альфа-1-антитрипсина. Результаты: в группе пациентов детского возраста с эпилептическими энцефалопатиями выявлено увеличение показателей нейровоспаления у большинства пациентов. Средний уровень нейронспецифической енолазы 27,6 ± 5,3 нг/мл в сравнении с 14,2 ± 3,5 нг/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень белка S100 0,232 ± 0,041 нг/мл в сравнении с 0,092 ± 0,024 нг/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень эозинофильного катионного белка 39,7 ± 9,4 нг/мл в сравнении с 18,2 ± 5,3 нг/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень IgE 157,3 ± 64,2 МЕ/мл в сравнении с 42,2 ± 17,5 МЕ/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень циркулирующих иммунных комплексов 265,6 ± 54,4 УЕ/мл в сравнении с 56,8 ± 16,8 УЕ/мл в контрольной группе. В группе пациентов взрослого возраста с резистентными формами эпилепсии выявлено увеличение показателей нейровоспаления у большинства пациентов. Средний уровень нейронспецифической енолазы 19,2 ± 7,2 нг/мл в сравнении с 13,1 ± 4,1 нг/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень белка S100 0,115 ± 0,037 нг/мл в сравнении с 0,093 ± 0,018 нг/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень эозинофильного катионного белка 24,2 ± 6,7 нг/мл в сравнении с 18,8 ± 4,7 нг/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень общего IgE 117,9 ± 32,6 МЕ/мл в сравнении с 53,4 ± 18,2 МЕ/мл в контрольной группе. Средний уровень циркулирующих иммунных комплексов 235,2 ± 43,7 УЕ/мл в сравнении с 62,6 ± 20,4 УЕ/мл в контрольной группе. Уровень лейкоцитарной эластазы повышен у 32 (91,4%) пациентов, средний уровень 267,2 ± 36,8 нмоль/мин × мл в сравнении с 175,2 ± 23,8 нмоль/мин × мл в контрольной группе. Уровень альфа-1-антитрипсина повышен у 33 (94,3%) пациентов, средний уровень 55,2 ± 12,1 нг/мл в сравнении с 26,4 ± 15,6 нг/мл в контрольной группе. Заключение: нейровоспаление является фактором развития тяжелых форм эпилепсии и формирования резистентности при эпилептических энцефалопатиях. Эпилептические энцефалопатии раннего детского возраста с учетом их этиопатогенеза правомерно рассматривать в рубрике подострого энцефалита, где судороги являются лишь одним из проявлений патологического воспалительного процесса. Основной клинической задачей лечения эпилептических энцефалопатий является диагностика суммационной антигенной нагрузки и подбор противовоспалительной терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background: despite the large number of newly emerging antiepileptic drugs, the frequency of treatment-resistant forms of epilepsy has not decreased, averaging 25–30%. Moreover the number of epileptic encephalopathies of early childhood has increased. One of the reasons of drug resistance is neuroinflammation. Aim: to evaluate the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of severe forms of childhood epilepsy and resistant adult epilepsy.Patients and methods: the main group 1 — 94 pediatric patients with epileptic encephalopathies, average age 20.4 ± 6.2 months. The control group 1 — 42 pediatric patients in remission of epilepsy, average age 21.3 ± 5.7 months. The main group 2 — 35 adult patients with resistant forms of epilepsy, average age 38.3 ± 7.9 years. The control group 2 — adult patients in remission of epilepsy 47 patients, average age 34.2 ± 8.6 years. The following blood levels were analyzed: neuron-specific enolase, S100 protein, eosinophilic cationic protein, IgE total level, total level of circulating immune complexes, leukocyte elastase and alpha-1 antitrypsin. Results: in the group of children with epileptic encephalopathies, an increase in neuroinflammation indicators was revealed in most patients. The average level of neuron-specific enolase is 27.6 ± 5.3 ng/ml compared to 14.2 ± 3.5 ng/ml in the control group. The average S100 protein level is 0.232 ± 0.041 ng/ml compared to 0.092 ± 0.024 ng/ml in the control group. The average level of eosinophilic cationic protein is 39.7 ± 9.4 ng/ml compared with 18.2 ± 5.3 ng/ml in the control group. The average IgE level is 157.3 ± 64.2 IU/ml compared to 42.2 ± 17.5 IU/ml in the control group. The average level of circulating immune complexes is 265.6 ± 54.4 UE/ml compared to 56.8 ± 16.8 UE/ml in the control group. In the group of adult patients with resistant forms of epilepsy, an increase in neuroinflammation indicators was revealed in most patients. The average level of neuron-specific enolase is 19.2 ± 7.2 ng/ml compared to 13.1 ± 4.1 ng/ml in the control group. The average S100 protein level is 0.115 ± 0.037 ng/ml compared to 0.093 ± 0.018 ng/ml in the control group. The average level of eosinophilic cationic protein is 24.2 ± 6.7 ng/ml compared to 18.8 ± 4.7 ng/ml in the control group. The average level of total IgE is 117.9 ± 32.6 IU/ml compared to 53.4 ± 18.2 IU/ml in the control group. The average level of circulating immune complexes is 235.2 ± 43.7 UE/ml compared to 62.6 ± 20.4 UE/ml in the control group. The level of leukocyte elastase was increased in 32 (91.4%) patients, the average level was 267.2 ± 36.8 nmol/min × ml compared with 175.2 ± 23.8 nmol/min × ml in the control group. The level of alpha-1 antitrypsin was increased in 33 (94.3%) patients, the average level was 55.2 ± 12.1 ng/ml compared with 26.4 ± 15.6 ng/ml in the control group. Conclusion: neuroinflammation is the factor of the development of severe forms of epilepsy and the formation of resistance in epileptic encephalopathies. Epileptic encephalopathies of early childhood according to their etiopathogenesis should be considered as subacute encephalitis, where seizures are only one sign of the pathological inflammatory process. The main clinical aim of the treatment of epileptic encephalopathies is the diagnosis of cumulative antigenic load and the selection of anti-inflammatory therapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd><kwd>энцефалопатия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>neuroinflamation</kwd><kwd>encephalopathy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Picot MC, Baldy-Moulinier M, Daurès JP, Dujols P, Crespel A. The prevalence of epilepsy and pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults: a population-based study in a Western European country. 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