<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">psychiatry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ПСИХИАТРИЯ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-8319</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-6667</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “The Mental Health Research Centre”;   LLC «Publisher «MIA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/2618-6667-2024-22-1-78-89</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">psychiatry-1101</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Иерархические» и «модулярные» модели психопатологических синдромов и психических функций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>«Hierarchical» and «Modular» Models of Psychopathological Syndromes and Mental Functions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-8544</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пятницкий</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyatnitskiy</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николай Юрьевич Пятницкий, кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, отдел медицинской психологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay Yu. Pyatnitskiy, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, Medical Psychology Department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">piatnits09@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научный центр психического здоровья»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FSBSI «Mental Health Research Centre»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>89</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пятницкий Н.Ю., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пятницкий Н.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pyatnitskiy N.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/1101">https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/1101</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель обзора – сопоставить «иерархические» и «модулярные» модели психических функций и психопатологических синдромов.</p><sec><title>Материал и метод</title><p>Материал и метод: в нарративном обзоре предпринят исторический анализ трудов мыслителей разного времени, выдвигавших концепции психических отклонений от нормы.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение: иерархические модели восходят к концепциям древнегреческого философа Платона, модулярные модели – к концепциям немецкого врача F. Gall. Наиболее известной в отечественной психиатрии иерархической модели «кругов» позитивных и негативных общепсихопатологических синдромов А.В. Снежневского предшествовала иерархическая модель М.О. Гуревича и М.Я. Серейского, в свою очередь, опиравшаяся на концепцию «уровней» психики английского невролога J.H. Jackson и модель «регистров органа» E. Kraepelin. В немецкой психиатрии K. Jaspers приводил в первом издании «Общей психопатологии» модель «луковицы», обосновывая усложнение психопатологической симптоматики в зависимости от нозологии психических расстройств. Позднее американский психолингвист и философ J. Fodor предложил «модулярную» модель психики, согласно которой человеческая психика состоит из относительно независимых друг от друга «модулей» («инкапсулированных»), которые специфичны для определенной области стимулов, генетически детерминированы, соотносятся с определенными невральными структурами и являются «вычислительно автономными». Дальнейшее развитие концепции модулярного построения психики получили в работах психологов и психиатров «эволюционного» направления (модели «массивной модулярности», отрицавшие «инкапсуляцию» модулей по J. Fodor), опиравшихся в том числе и на модулярное построение мозга многих видов животных. Разнообразие оказывается присущим не только модулярным моделям психики, но и иерархическим. Так, например, последовательность общепсихопатологических позитивных синдромов в модели кругов А.В. Снежневского отличается от соотношения психопатологических синдромов в модели «регистров» E. Kraepelin, который на заключительном этапе своей научной деятельности постулировал положения сравнительной психиатрии, во многом сходные с принципами последующего направления эволюционной психиатрии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim was to compare «hierarchical» and «modular» models of the mental functions and psychopathological syndromes.</p><p>Material and method: a historical analysis is undertaken in the narrative review the works of thinkers of different times who put forward the concepts of mental deviations from the norm. Discussion and conclusion: hierarchical models go back to the concepts of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, modular models – to the concepts of the German doctor F. Gall. The most famous hierarchical model of «circles» of positive and negative general psychopathological syndromes in Russian psychiatry by A.V. Snezhnevsky was preceded by the hierarchical model of M.O. Gurevich – M.Ya. Sereisky, in turn, based on the model of «levels» of the psyche of the English neurologist J.H. Jackson and E. Kraepelin’s «organ registers» model. In German psychiatry also K. Jaspers cited the «onion» model in the first edition of General Psychopathology, substantiating the complication of psychopathological symptoms depending on the nosology of mental disorders. Later, the American psycholinguist and philosopher J. Fodor proposed a «modular» model of the psyche, according to which the human psyche consists of relatively independent «modules» («encapsulated») that are specific to a certain area of stimuli, are genetically determined, correlate with certain neural structures and are «computationally autonomous». The concept of modular construction of the psyche was further developed in the works of psychologists and psychiatrists of the «evolutionary» direction (models of «massive modularity», which denied the «encapsulation» of modules according to J. Fodor), based, among other premises, on the modular construction of the brain of many animal species. Diversity turns out to be inherent not only in modular models of the psyche, but also in hierarchical ones, for example, the sequence of general psychopathological positive syndromes in A.V. Snezhnevsky’s model of «circles» differs from the correlation of psychopathological syndromes in the model of «registers» by E. Kraepelin, who at the final stage of his scientific activity postulated the principles of «comparative psychiatry», in many respects similar to the principles of the subsequent direction of «evolutionary» psychiatry.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>«иерархические» и «модулярные» модели психопатологических синдромов</kwd><kwd>«регистры» Э. Крепелина</kwd><kwd>«круги» А.В. Снежневского</kwd><kwd>«уровни» J.H. Jackson</kwd><kwd>«массивная модулярность»</kwd><kwd>когнитивный модуль J. Fodor</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hierarchical and modular models of psychopathological syndromes</kwd><kwd>E. Kraepelin’s «registers»</kwd><kwd>A.V. Snezhnevsky’s «circles»</kwd><kwd>J.H. Jackson’s «levels»</kwd><kwd>«massive modularity»</kwd><kwd>J. Fodor’s cognitive module</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Снежневский АВ. О нозологии психических расстройств. Журнал невропатологии и психиатрии имени С.С. Корсакова. 1975;75(1):138–143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snezhnevskij AV. O nozologii psihicheskih rasstrojstv [About the nosology of mental disorders]. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psihiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 1975;75(1):138–143. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Снежневский АВ. Общая психиатрия. Клиническая психопатология. В кн.: Руководство по психиатрии в двух томах (под ред. А.В. Снежневского). Т. 1. М.: Медицина, 1983:5–97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snezhnevskij AV. Obshhaja psihiatrija. Klinicheskaja psihopatologija. [General Psychiatry. Clinical Psychopathology]. V kn.: Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii v dvuh tomah (pod red. A.V. Snezhnevskogo). T. 1. M.: Medicina, 1983:5–97. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson J. Hughlings. Classic Text No. 47. The factors of insanities (1894). History of Psychiatry. 2001;12(47 Pt 3):360–373. doi: 10.1177/0957154x0101204705</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson J. Hughlings. Classic Text No. 47. The factors of insanities (1894). History of Psychiatry. 2001;12(47 Pt 3):360–373. doi: 10.1177/0957154x0101204705</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson J. Hughlings. The Hughlings Jackson Lecture on the relations of different divisions of the central nervous system to one another and to the parts of the body. The Lancet. 1898;8:79–87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson J. Hughlings. The Hughlings Jackson Lecture on the relations of different divisions of the central nervous system to one another and to the parts of the body. The Lancet. 1898;8:79–87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуревич МО, Серейский МЯ. Учебник психиатрии. 5-е изд., значительно переработанное. М.: Государственное издательство медицинской литературы «Медгиз», 1946.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurevich M.O., Serejskij M.Ja. Uchebnik psihiatrii [Textbook of Psychiatry]. 5-е izd., znachitel’no pererabotannoe. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo medicinskoj literatury “Medgiz”, 1946. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaspers K. Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Ein Leitfaden fuer Studierende, Aerzte und Psychologen. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1913.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaspers K. Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Ein Leitfaden fuer Studierende, Aerzte und Psychologen. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1913.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaspers K. Allgemeine Psychopathologie fuer Studierende, Aerzte und Psychologen. Dritte, vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1924.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaspers K. Allgemeine Psychopathologie fuer Studierende, Aerzte und Psychologen. Dritte, vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1924.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraepelin E. Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Zeitschrift fuer die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 1920;62:1–29. doi: 10.1177/0957154X9200301208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraepelin E. Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Zeitschrift fuer die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 1920;62:1–29. doi: 10.1177/0957154X9200301208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пятницкий НЮ. Номиналистические аспекты клинической психопатологии: понятия диатеза и «дегенеративного помешательства» (концепции H. Maudsley и K. Jaspers). Психическое здоровье. 2013;9:84–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyatnitskiy NYu. Nominalistic aspects of clinical psychopathology: the concepts of diathesis and “degenerative insanity” (H. Maudsley’s and K. Jaspers’ concepts). Psihicheskoe zdorov’e. 2013;9:84–90. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пятницкий НЮ. Психические признаки предиспозиции к функциональным психическим расстройствам. Кн. II. Эволюция концепций от E. Kraepelin до E. Kretschmer. М.: РУСАЙНС, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyatnitskiy NYu. Psihicheskie priznaki predispozicii k funkcional’nym psihicheskim rasstrojstvam. Kn. II. Jevoljucija koncepcij ot E. Kraepelin do E. Kretschmer [Mental signs of predisposition to the functional mental disorders. Book II. Evolution of the concepts from E. Kraepelin to E. Kretschmer]. M.: RUSAJNS, 2020. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoche A. The Significance of Symptom Complexes in Psychiatry (1912). In: Anthology of German Psychiatric Texts (edited by H. Sass). World Psychiatric Assosiation: John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2007:138–149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoche A. The Significance of Symptom Complexes in Psychiatry (1912). In: Anthology of German Psychiatric Texts (edited by H. Sass). World Psychiatric Assosiation: John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2007:138–149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корнетов АН, Самохвалов ВП, Коробов АА, Корнетов НА. Этология в психиатрии (научный редактор И.Д. Шевчук). Киев: Издательство «Здоровье», 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kornetov AN, Samohvalov VP, Korobov AA, Kornetov NA. Jetologija v psihiatrii [Ethologyin Psychiatry] (nauchnyj redaktor I.D. Shevchuk). Kiev: Izdate’stvo “Zdorov’e”, 1990. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самохвалов ВП. Эволюционная психиатрия (история души и эволюция безумия). Симферополь: НПФ «Движение»; изд-во и типография «Таврида», 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samohvalov VP. Jevoljucionnaja psihiatrija (istorija dushi i jevoljucija bezumija). Simferopol’: NPF “Dvizhenie”; izda-vo i tipografija “Tavrida”, 1993 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGuire M, Troisi A. Darwinian Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGuire M, Troisi A. Darwinian Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stevens A, Price J. Evolutionary Psychiatry. A new beginning. Second Edition. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stevens A, Price J. Evolutionary Psychiatry. A new beginning. Second Edition. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmer JA, Palmer LK. Evolutionary Psychology. The ultimate origins of human behavior. Boston; London; Toronto; Sydney; Tokyo; Singapore: Allyn and Bacon, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmer JA, Palmer LK. Evolutionary Psychology. The ultimate origins of human behavior. Boston; London; Toronto; Sydney; Tokyo; Singapore: Allyn and Bacon, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (Edited by David M. Buss). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (Edited by David M. Buss). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology (edited by Ch. Crawford, D. Krebs). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology (edited by Ch. Crawford, D. Krebs). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruene M. Textbook of Evolutionary Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine. The origins of Psychopathology. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruene M. Textbook of Evolutionary Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine. The origins of Psychopathology. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лоренц К. Так называемое зло. К естественной теории агрессии. Пер. с нем. А. Федорова. Москва: АСТ, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lorents K. Tak nazyvaemoe zlo. K estestvennoi teorii agressii. Per. s nem. A. Fedorova. Moskva: AST, 2019. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maier-Gross W. Selbstschilderungen der Verwirrtheit: die oneiroide Erlebnisform: psychopathologisch-klinische Untersuchungen. Berlin: Springer, 1924.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maier-Gross W. Selbstschilderungen der Verwirrtheit: die oneiroide Erlebnisform: psychopathologisch-klinische Untersuchungen. Berlin: Springer, 1924.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch fuer Studierende und Aerzte. III Band. Klinische Psychiatrie. II. Teil. Achte, vollstaendig umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1913:667–1395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch fuer Studierende und Aerzte. III Band. Klinische Psychiatrie. II. Teil. Achte, vollstaendig umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1913:667–1395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fodor JA. The modularity of Mind. Cambridge, Massachusets: The MIT Press, 1983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fodor JA. The modularity of Mind. Cambridge, Massachusets: The MIT Press, 1983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Платон. Государство (пер. А.Н. Егунова). В кн.: Платон. Собрание сочинений: в 4 т. Т. 3. Общ. ред. А.Ф. Лосева, В.Ф. Асмуса, А.А. Тахо-Годи. М.: Российская академия наук; Институт философии; изд-во «Мысль», 1994:79–420.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Platon. Gosudarstvo [State] (per. A.N. Egunova). V kn.: Platon. Sobranie sochinenij: v 4 t. T. 3. Obshhaja redakcija A.F. Loseva, V.F. Asmusa, A.A. Taho-Godi. M.: Rossijskaja akademija nauk; Institut Filosofii; izd-vo “Mysl’”, 1994:79–420. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Платон. Тимей (пер. С.С. Аверинцева). В кн.: Платон. Собрание сочинений: в 4 т. Т. 3. Общ. ред. А.Ф. Лосева, В.Ф. Асмуса, А.А. Тахо-Годи. М.: Российская академия наук; Институт философии; изд-во «Мысль», 1994:421–500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Platon. Timej (per. S.S. Averinceva). V kn.: Platon. Sobranie sochinenij: v 4 t. T. 3. Obshhaja redakcija A.F. Loseva, V.F. Asmusa, A.A. Taho-Godi. M.: Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk; Institut filosofii; izd-vo “Mysl’”, 1994:421–500. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пятницкий НЮ. Психические признаки предиспозиции к функциональным психическим расстройствам. Монография. Кн. III. Эволюция концепций от E. Kretschmer до П.Б. Ганнушкина. М.: РУСАЙНС, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyatnitskiy NYu. Psihicheskie priznaki predispozicii k funkcional’nym psihicheskim rasstrojstvam [Mental signs of predisposition to the mental disorders]. Monografija. Kn. III. Jevoljucija koncepcij ot E. Kretsch mer do P.B. Gannushkina [Evolution of the concepts from E. Kretschmer to P.B. Gannushkin]. M.: RUSAJNS, 2021 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gall FJ. On the origin of the moral qualities and intellectual faculties of man, and the conditions of their manifestation. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. I. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gall FJ. On the origin of the moral qualities and intellectual faculties of man, and the conditions of their manifestation. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. I. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gall FJ. On the origin of the moral qualities and intellectual faculties of man, and the conditions of their manifestation. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. II. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gall FJ. On the origin of the moral qualities and intellectual faculties of man, and the conditions of their manifestation. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. II. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gall FJ. The infiuence of the brain on the form of the head: the dificulties and means of determining the fundamental qualities and faculties, and of discovering the seat of their organs: Exposition of the fundamental qualities and faculties, and their seat, or organology. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. III. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gall FJ. The infiuence of the brain on the form of the head: the dificulties and means of determining the fundamental qualities and faculties, and of discovering the seat of their organs: Exposition of the fundamental qualities and faculties, and their seat, or organology. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. III. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gall FJ. Organology; or; an exposition of the instincts, propensities, sentiments, and talents, or of the moral qualities, and the fundamental intellectual faculties in man and animals, and the seat of their organs. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. IV. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gall FJ. Organology; or; an exposition of the instincts, propensities, sentiments, and talents, or of the moral qualities, and the fundamental intellectual faculties in man and animals, and the seat of their organs. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. IV. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gall FG. On the functions of the brain and each of its parts: with observations of the possibility of determining the instincts, propensities, and talents, or the moral and intellectual dispositions of men and animals, by the configuration of the brain and head. The infiuence of the brain on the form of the head: the dificulties and means of determining the fundamental qualities and faculties, and of discovering the seat of their organs: exposition of the fundamental qualities and faculties, and their seat, or organology. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. V. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gall FG. On the functions of the brain and each of its parts: with observations of the possibility of determining the instincts, propensities, and talents, or the moral and intellectual dispositions of men and animals, by the configuration of the brain and head. The infiuence of the brain on the form of the head: the dificulties and means of determining the fundamental qualities and faculties, and of discovering the seat of their organs: exposition of the fundamental qualities and faculties, and their seat, or organology. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. V. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gall FG. On the functions of the brain and each of its parts: with observations of the possibility of determining the instincts, propensities, and talents, or the moral and intellectual dispositions of men and animals, by the con guration of the brain and head. Critical Review of some anatomico-physiological works; with an explanation of a new philosophy of the moral qualities and intellectual faculties. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. VI. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gall FG. On the functions of the brain and each of its parts: with observations of the possibility of determining the instincts, propensities, and talents, or the moral and intellectual dispositions of men and animals, by the con guration of the brain and head. Critical Review of some anatomico-physiological works; with an explanation of a new philosophy of the moral qualities and intellectual faculties. (Translated from the French by L. Winslow.) In six vols. Vol. VI. Boston: Marsh, Capen &amp; Lyon, 1835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simpson D. Phrenology and the neurosciences: contributions of F.J. Gall and J.G. Spurzheim. ANZ J Surg. 2005;75(6):475–482. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03426.x PMID: 15943741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simpson D. Phrenology and the neurosciences: contributions of F.J. Gall and J.G. Spurzheim. ANZ J Surg. 2005;75(6):475–482. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03426.x PMID: 15943741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Descartes R. Les Passions de l’ame. 2013 Paris Presses Électroniques de France. ISBN 9791022300568.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Descartes R. Les Passions de l’ame. 2013 Paris Presses Électroniques de France. ISBN 9791022300568.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пятницкий НЮ. К истокам термина и понятия рефлекса в медицине и психологии: концепция R. Descartes. Психическое здоровье. 2021;6:59–67. doi: 10.25557/2074-014X.2021.06.59-67</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyatnitskiy NYu. To the origins of the term and notion of reflex in medicine and psychology: the concept of R. Descartes. Psikhicheskoye zdorovie. 2021;(6):59–67. (In Russ.). doi: 10.25557/2074-014X.2021.06.59-67</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пятницкий НЮ. К истокам термина и понятия рефлекса в медицине и психологии. М.: РУСАЙНС, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyatniskiy NYu. K istokam termina i ponjatija refleksa v medicine i psihologii [To the origins of the term and notion of reflex in medicine and psychology]. M.: RUSAJNS, 2023. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eling P, Finger S. Gall and phrenology: New perspectives. J Hist Neurosci. 2020;29(1):1–4. doi: 10.1080/0964704X.2019.1695469 Epub 2019 Dec 13. PMID: 31834848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eling P, Finger S. Gall and phrenology: New perspectives. J Hist Neurosci. 2020;29(1):1–4. doi: 10.1080/0964704X.2019.1695469 Epub 2019 Dec 13. PMID: 31834848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chomsky N. Rules and representations. Woodridge lectures delivered at Columbia University in November of 1978. Number eleven. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chomsky N. Rules and representations. Woodridge lectures delivered at Columbia University in November of 1978. Number eleven. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wernicke C. Grundriss der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen. Leipzig: Verlag von Georg Thieme, 1900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wernicke C. Grundriss der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen. Leipzig: Verlag von Georg Thieme, 1900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broca P. Sur le principe des localisations cerebrales [Электронный ресурс]. Bulletin de la Societe d’ Anthropologie. 1861;II:190–204. URL: https://archive.org/details/bulletinsdelasolOparigoog (01.12.2014).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broca P. Sur le principe des localisations cerebrales [Электронный ресурс]. Bulletin de la Societe d’ Anthropologie. 1861;II:190–204. URL: https://archive.org/details/bulletinsdelasolOparigoog (01.12.2014).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carruthers P. The Architecture of the Mind. Massive Modularity and the Flexibility of Thought. Oxford; New York; Auckland; Cape Town; Dar es Salaam; Hong Kong: Clarendon Press, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carruthers P. The Architecture of the Mind. Massive Modularity and the Flexibility of Thought. Oxford; New York; Auckland; Cape Town; Dar es Salaam; Hong Kong: Clarendon Press, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tooby J, Cosmides L. The psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind. Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. (Edited by J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby.) New York: Oxford University Press, 1992:19–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tooby J, Cosmides L. The psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind. Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. (Edited by J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby.) New York: Oxford University Press, 1992:19–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karniloff-Smith A. Beyound modularity. A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge: MIT-Press, Bradford Books, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karniloff-Smith A. Beyound modularity. A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge: MIT-Press, Bradford Books, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodale MA, Milner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci. 1992;15(1):20–25. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8 PMID: 1374953.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodale MA, Milner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci. 1992;15(1):20–25. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8 PMID: 1374953.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacob P, Jeannerod M. Ways of seeing. The Scope and Limits of Visual Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacob P, Jeannerod M. Ways of seeing. The Scope and Limits of Visual Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barrett HC, Kurzban R. Modularity in cognition: framing the debate. Psychol Rev. 2006;113(3):628–647. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.628 PMID: 16802884.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barrett HC, Kurzban R. Modularity in cognition: framing the debate. Psychol Rev. 2006;113(3):628–647. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.628 PMID: 16802884.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sperber D. The modularity of thought and epidemiology of representations. In: Mapping the Mind: Domain specifity in cognition and culture (Edited by L.A. Hirschfeld &amp; S.A. Gelman). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994:39–67. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511752902.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sperber D. The modularity of thought and epidemiology of representations. In: Mapping the Mind: Domain specifity in cognition and culture (Edited by L.A. Hirschfeld &amp; S.A. Gelman). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994:39–67. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511752902.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samuels R. Evolutionary Psychology and the Massive Modulatory Hypothesis. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 1998;49(4):575–602. doi: 10.1093/bjps/49.4.57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samuels R. Evolutionary Psychology and the Massive Modulatory Hypothesis. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 1998;49(4):575–602. doi: 10.1093/bjps/49.4.57</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scholl BJ, Leslie AM. Modularity, development and «Theory of Mind». Mind and Language. 1999;14(1):131–153. doi: 10.1111/1468-0017.0010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scholl BJ, Leslie AM. Modularity, development and «Theory of Mind». Mind and Language. 1999;14(1):131–153. doi: 10.1111/1468-0017.0010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pickup GJ. Relationship between theory of mind and executive function in Schizophrenia: a systematic Review. Psychopathology. 2008;41:206–213. doi: 10.1159/000125554</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pickup GJ. Relationship between theory of mind and executive function in Schizophrenia: a systematic Review. Psychopathology. 2008;41:206–213. doi: 10.1159/000125554</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frith CD. Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychol Med. 2004;34(3):385–389. doi: 10.1017/s0033291703001326 PMID: 15259823.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frith CD. Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychol Med. 2004;34(3):385–389. doi: 10.1017/s0033291703001326 PMID: 15259823.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
