psychiatryПСИХИАТРИЯPsychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya)1683-83192618-6667FSBSI “The Mental Health Research Centre”; LLC «Publisher «MIA»10.30629/2618-6667-2026-24-3-101-114psychiatry-1597Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫSCIENTIFIC REVIEWSЦифровой стресс у подростков и молодых взрослых: механизмы, проявления, влияние на психическое здоровьеDigital Stress in Adolescents and Young Adults: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Impact on Mental Healthhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-4583ПоповМ. Ю.PopovM. Yu.

Михаил Юрьевич Попов, доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель отделения терапии психических расстройство у лиц молодого возраста

Санкт-Петербург

Mikhail Yu. Popov, Dr. Sci (Med.), Chief Researcher, Head of Department, Department of Treatment of Adolescents and Young Adults with Mental Disorders

St. Petersburg

popovmikhail@mail.ruФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава РоссииРоссияV.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and NeurologyRussian Federation202603082026243101114Copyright © Попов М.Ю., 20262026Попов М.Ю.Popov M.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/1597

Обоснование: стремительная цифровизация общества привела к тому, что цифровые платформы становятся основной средой социализации подростков и молодых взрослых. Параллельно с этим отмечается устойчивый рост распространенности психических расстройств в данной возрастной группе. Прямые причинно-следственные связи между временем использования цифровых технологий и психическим неблагополучием являются упрощенными, что указывает на необходимость изучения опосредующих механизмов, среди которых центральное место занимает цифровой стресс. Цель обзора: обобщить современные научные публикации о цифровом стрессе как о потенциальном медиаторе и факторе риска развития психических расстройств у подростков и молодых взрослых и на этой основе систематизировать подходы к его клинической оценке и коррекции. Материал и методы: в обзор включены оригинальные исследования, обзорные и теоретические работы. Поиск релевантных публикаций проводился в электронных базах данных PubMed, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.RU. Заключение: представлена пятифакторная модель цифрового стресса (коммуникационная перегрузка, давление доступности, страх упущенных возможностей, тревога одобрения, онлайн-бдительность), основанная на возрастной нейробиологической уязвимости и социально-психологических факторах. Цифровой стресс выступает центральным медиатором, опосредующим влияние онлайн-рисков (кибербуллинг, социальное сравнение, проблемные паттерны использования) на развитие депрессии, тревоги, расстройств пищевого поведения, аутоагрессии и цифровых зависимостей. Интеграция стандартизированных методов оценки цифрового стресса в клиническую практику и применение доказательных профилактических и коррекционных интервенций являются необходимыми элементами помощи. Результаты обзора свидетельствуют о том, что цифровой стресс является значимым трансдиагностическим фактором риска, требующим внимания специалистов в области психического здоровья.

Background: the rapid digitalization of society has transformed digital platforms into a key socialization environment for adolescents and young adults. Concurrently, there is a persistent increase in the prevalence of mental health disorders in this age group. Simple direct causal relationships between technology use duration and psychological distress have proven oversimplified, highlighting the need to investigate mediating mechanisms, with digital stress assuming a central role. The aim of review was to summarize current evidence on digital stress as a potential mediator and risk factor for mental health disorders in adolescents and young adults, and to systematize approaches to its clinical assessment and intervention. Materials and Methods: the review incorporates original research, reviews, and theoretical papers identified through searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY.RU databases. Conclusion: a five-factor model of digital stress is presented, comprising connection overload, availability stress, fear of missing out, approval anxiety, and online vigilance. This model is grounded in age-related neurobiological vulnerability and psychosocial factors. Digital stress serves as a central mediator through which online risks — including cyberbullying, social comparison, and problematic usage patterns — influence the development of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, self-injurious behavior, and digital addictions. The integration of standardized digital stress assessment tools into clinical practice and the implementation of evidence-based preventive and intervention strategies constitute essential elements of care provision. Thus, digital stress emerges as a significant transdiagnostic risk factor warranting attention from mental health professionals. The findings underscore the importance of systematic clinical evaluation and evidence-informed intervention approaches to mitigate its adverse effects on adolescent and young adult mental health.

цифровой стрессонлайн-рискиподросткимолодые взрослыепсихическое здоровьеdigital stressonline risksadolescentsyoung adultsmental healthReferencesСолдатова ГУ, Войскунский АЕ. Социально-когнитивная концепция цифровой социализации: новая экосистема и социальная эволюция психики. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2021;18(3):431–450. doi: 10.17323/1813-8918-2021-3-431-450Soldatovaa GU, Voiskounsky AE. Socio-Cognitive Concept of Digital Socialization: А New Ecosystem and Social Evolution of the Mind. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2021;18(3):431–450. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17323/1813-8918-2021-3-431-450Волкова ЕН. Феномены социализации современных подростков: Pro et contra. Социальная психология и общество. 2025;16(2):23–42. doi: 10.17759/sps.2025160203Volkova EN. Socialization phenomenas of modern adolescents: Pro et contra. Social Psychology and Society. 2025;16(2):23–42. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17759/sps.2025160203Madigan S, Eirich R, Pador P, McArthur BA, Neville RD. Assessment of changes in child and adolescent screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 2022;176(12):1188–1198. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4116Madigan S, Eirich R, Pador P, McArthur BA, Neville RD. Assessment of changes in child and adolescent screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 2022;176(12):1188–1198. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4116Santos RMS, Mendes CG, Sen Bressani GY, de Alcantara Ventura S, de Almeida Nogueira YJ, de Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA. The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Psychol. 2023;11(1):127. doi: 10.1186/s40359-023-01166-7Santos RMS, Mendes CG, Sen Bressani GY, de Alcantara Ventura S, de Almeida Nogueira YJ, de Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA. The associations between screen time and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Psychol. 2023;11(1):127. doi: 10.1186/s40359-023-01166-7Ivie EJ, Pettitt A, Moses LJ, Allen NB. A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2020;275:165–174. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.014Ivie EJ, Pettitt A, Moses LJ, Allen NB. A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2020;275:165–174. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.014Alonzo R, Hussain J, Stranges S, Anderson KK. Interplay between social media use, sleep quality, and mental health in youth: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;56:101414. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101414Alonzo R, Hussain J, Stranges S, Anderson KK. Interplay between social media use, sleep quality, and mental health in youth: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;56:101414. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101414Tang S, Werner-Seidler A, Torok M, Mackinnon AJ, Christensen H. The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;86:102021. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102021Tang S, Werner-Seidler A, Torok M, Mackinnon AJ, Christensen H. The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;86:102021. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102021Steele RG, Hall JA, Christofferson JL. Conceptualizing digital stress in adolescents and young adults: Toward the development of an empirically based model. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2020;23(1):15–26. doi: 10.1007/s10567-019-00300-5Steele RG, Hall JA, Christofferson JL. Conceptualizing digital stress in adolescents and young adults: Toward the development of an empirically based model. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2020;23(1):15–26. doi: 10.1007/s10567-019-00300-5Berger M, Schafer R, Schmidt M, Regal C, Gimpel H. How to prevent technostress at the digital workplace: A Delphi study. J Bus Econ. 2023;93:1–63. doi: 10.1007/s11573-023-01159-3Berger M, Schafer R, Schmidt M, Regal C, Gimpel H. How to prevent technostress at the digital workplace: A Delphi study. J Bus Econ. 2023;93:1–63. doi: 10.1007/s11573-023-01159-3Cioffi G, Balducci C, Toderi S. Digital stress-preventive management competencies: Definition, identification and tool development for research and practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22(2):267. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22020267Cioffi G, Balducci C, Toderi S. Digital stress-preventive management competencies: Definition, identification and tool development for research and practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22(2):267. doi: 10.3390/ijerph22020267Sawyer SM, Azzopardi PS, Wickremarathne D, Patton GC. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2(3):223–228. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1Sawyer SM, Azzopardi PS, Wickremarathne D, Patton GC. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2(3):223–228. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1Paus T. Development and Maturation of the Human Brain, from Infancy to Adolescence. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2024;68:327–348. doi: 10.1007/7854_2024_514Paus T. Development and Maturation of the Human Brain, from Infancy to Adolescence. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2024;68:327–348. doi: 10.1007/7854_2024_514Crone EA, Konijn EA. Media use and brain development during adolescence. Nature Commun. 2018;9:588. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03126-xCrone EA, Konijn EA. Media use and brain development during adolescence. Nature Commun. 2018;9:588. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03126-xLissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018;164:149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018;164:149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015De D, El Jamal M, Aydemir E, Khera A. Social Media Algorithms and Teen Addiction: Neurophysiological Impact and Ethical Considerations. Cureus. 2025;17(1):e77145. doi: 10.7759/cureus.77145De D, El Jamal M, Aydemir E, Khera A. Social Media Algorithms and Teen Addiction: Neurophysiological Impact and Ethical Considerations. Cureus. 2025;17(1):e77145. doi: 10.7759/cureus.77145Ding K, Shen Y, Liu Q, Li H. The Effects of Digital Addiction on Brain Function and Structure of Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;12(1):15. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12010015Ding K, Shen Y, Liu Q, Li H. The Effects of Digital Addiction on Brain Function and Structure of Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;12(1):15. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12010015Leon Mendez M, Padron I, Fumero A, Marrero RJ. Effects of internet and smartphone addiction on cognitive control in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;159:105572. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105572Leon Mendez M, Padron I, Fumero A, Marrero RJ. Effects of internet and smartphone addiction on cognitive control in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;159:105572. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105572Brand M, Young KS, Laier C. Prefrontal Control and Internet Addiction: A Theoretical Model and Review of Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Findings. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:375. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375Brand M, Young KS, Laier C. Prefrontal Control and Internet Addiction: A Theoretical Model and Review of Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Findings. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:375. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375Hall JA, Steele RG, Christofferson JL, Mihailova T. Development and initial evaluation of a multidimensional digital stress scale. Psychol Assess. 2021;33(3):230–242. doi: 10.1037/pas0000979Hall JA, Steele RG, Christofferson JL, Mihailova T. Development and initial evaluation of a multidimensional digital stress scale. Psychol Assess. 2021;33(3):230–242. doi: 10.1037/pas0000979Festinger L. A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations. 1954;7(2):117–140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202Festinger L. A Theory of Social Comparison Processes. Human Relations. 1954;7(2):117–140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202Vincente-Benito I, Ramirez-Duran MDV. Influence of Social Media Use on Body Image and Well-Being Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2023;61(12):11–18. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20230524-02Vincente-Benito I, Ramirez-Duran MDV. Influence of Social Media Use on Body Image and Well-Being Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2023;61(12):11–18. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20230524-02Dam VAT, Dao NG, Nguyen DC, Vu TMT, Boyer L, Auquier P, Fond G, Ho RCM, Ho CSH, Zhang MWB. Quality of life and mental health of adolescents: Relationships with social media addiction, fear of missing out, and stress associated with neglect and negative reactions by online peers. PLoS One. 2023;18(6):e0286766. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286766Dam VAT, Dao NG, Nguyen DC, Vu TMT, Boyer L, Auquier P, Fond G, Ho RCM, Ho CSH, Zhang MWB. Quality of life and mental health of adolescents: Relationships with social media addiction, fear of missing out, and stress associated with neglect and negative reactions by online peers. PLoS One. 2023;18(6):e0286766. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286766Giumetti GW, Kowalski RM. Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. Curr Opin Psychol. 2022;45:101314. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101314Giumetti GW, Kowalski RM. Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. Curr Opin Psychol. 2022;45:101314. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101314Marengo D, Poletti I, Settanni M. The interplay between neuroticism, extraversion, and social media addiction in young adult Facebook users: Testing the mediating role of online activity using objective data. Addict Behav. 2020;102:106150. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106150Marengo D, Poletti I, Settanni M. The interplay between neuroticism, extraversion, and social media addiction in young adult Facebook users: Testing the mediating role of online activity using objective data. Addict Behav. 2020;102:106150. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106150Zhao Y, Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Bagot KS, Constable RT, Yaggi HK, Redeker NS, Potenza MN. Screen time, sleep, brain structural neurobiology, and sequential associations with child and adolescent psychopathology: Insights from the ABCD study. J Behav Addict. 2024;13(2):542–553. doi: 10.1556/2006.2024.00016Zhao Y, Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Bagot KS, Constable RT, Yaggi HK, Redeker NS, Potenza MN. Screen time, sleep, brain structural neurobiology, and sequential associations with child and adolescent psychopathology: Insights from the ABCD study. J Behav Addict. 2024;13(2):542–553. doi: 10.1556/2006.2024.00016Wegmann E, Brand M. A narrative overview about psychosocial characteristics as risk factors of a problematic social networks use. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6:402–409. doi: 10.1007/s40429-019-00286-8Wegmann E, Brand M. A narrative overview about psychosocial characteristics as risk factors of a problematic social networks use. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6:402–409. doi: 10.1007/s40429-019-00286-8Ghanayem LK, Shannon H, Khodr L, McQuaid RJ, Hellemans KGC. Lonely and scrolling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding the problematic social media use and mental health link among university students. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1247807. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1247807Ghanayem LK, Shannon H, Khodr L, McQuaid RJ, Hellemans KGC. Lonely and scrolling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding the problematic social media use and mental health link among university students. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1247807. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1247807Khetawat D, Steele RG. Examining the association between digital stress components and psychological wellbeing: A meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2023;26:957–974. doi: 10.1007/s10567-023-00440-9Khetawat D, Steele RG. Examining the association between digital stress components and psychological wellbeing: A meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2023;26:957–974. doi: 10.1007/s10567-023-00440-9Бочарова ЛА. Особенности стресса в цифровом обществе и его влияние на представителей подросткового и юношеского возраста. Мир науки. Педагогика и психология. 2024;12(6): 52PSMN624Bocharova LA. Features of stress in the digital society and its impact on adolescents and young adults. World of Science. Pedagogy and psychology. 2024;12(6):52PSMN624. (In Russ.).Angelini F, Gini G. Digital stress and friendship conflict in adolescence: the role of perceived norms and features of social media. Front Digit Health. 2025;7:1497222. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1497222Angelini F, Gini G. Digital stress and friendship conflict in adolescence: the role of perceived norms and features of social media. Front Digit Health. 2025;7:1497222. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1497222Кружкова ОВ, Воробьева ИВ, Матвеева АИ, Жданова НЕ. Стресс-факторы городской цифровой среды: личностные детерминанты восприимчивости. Национальный психологический журнал. 2024;19(1):175–186. doi: 0.11621/npj.2024.0112Kruzhkova OV, Vorobyeva IV, Matveeva AI, Zhdanova NE. Stress factors of the urban digital environment: personal determinants of susceptibility. National Psychological Journal. 2024;19(1):175–186. (In Russ.). doi: 0.11621/npj.2024.0112Лядова АВ, Заплетнюк МА. Психическое здоровье молодежи в условиях цифровой медиатизации. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 18. Социология и политология. 2025;31(1):178–201. doi: 10.24290/1029-3736-2025-31-1-178-201Liadova AV, Zapletnuk MA. Mental health of youth under the digital mediatization. Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science. 2025;31(1):178–201. (In Russ.). doi: 10.24290/1029-3736-2025-31-1-178-201Yang CC, Smith C. Digital social multitasking (DSMT) and digital stress among adolescents: A peer norm perspective. Heliyon. 2024;10(10):e31051. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31051Yang CC, Smith C. Digital social multitasking (DSMT) and digital stress among adolescents: A peer norm perspective. Heliyon. 2024;10(10):e31051. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31051Zhan Y, Luo L, Hu X. Digital stress and problematic social media use among college students: exploring dual emotional pathways and the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal. BMC Psychol. 2025;13:1311. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-03675-zZhan Y, Luo L, Hu X. Digital stress and problematic social media use among college students: exploring dual emotional pathways and the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal. BMC Psychol. 2025;13:1311. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-03675-zWorld Health Organization. Mental health of adolescents. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health (date of access: 09.12.2025).World Health Organization. Mental health of adolescents. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health (date of access: 09.12.2025).Chen H, Li Y, Xiong J, Yu J, Wu T. Cyberbullying victimization and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among college students: Mediating role of negative coping and moderating role of perceived control. Curr Psychol. 2024;43:19294–19303. doi: 10.1007/s12144-024-05760-9Chen H, Li Y, Xiong J, Yu J, Wu T. Cyberbullying victimization and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among college students: Mediating role of negative coping and moderating role of perceived control. Curr Psychol. 2024;43:19294–19303. doi: 10.1007/s12144-024-05760-9Dhir A, Yossatorn Y, Kaur P, Chen S. Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing — A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. Int J Inf Manage. 2018;40:141–152. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012Dhir A, Yossatorn Y, Kaur P, Chen S. Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing — A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. Int J Inf Manage. 2018;40:141–152. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.012McLean SA, Paxton SJ. Body Image in the Context of Eating Disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(1):145–156. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2018.10.006McLean SA, Paxton SJ. Body Image in the Context of Eating Disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(1):145–156. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2018.10.006Мовсисян КР. Влияние социальных сетей на формирование и развитие расстройств пищевого поведения. Северо-Кавказский психологический вестник. 2022;20(1):15–28. doi: 0.21702/ncpb.2022.1.2Movsisyan KR. The influence of social networks on the formation and development of eating disorders. North-Caucasian Psychological Bulletin. 2022;20(1):15–28. (In Russ.). doi: 0.21702/ncpb.2022.1.2Кочетова ЮА, Климакова МВ. Подросток в цифровой среде: идентичность и образ себя. Социальные науки и детство. 2025;6(3):85–98. doi: 10.17759/ssc.2025060306Kochetova YuA, Klimakova MV. Adolescent in the digital environment: identity and self-image. Social Sciences and Childhood. 2025;6(3):85–98. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17759/ssc.2025060306John A, Glendenning AC, Marchant A, Montgomery P, Stewart A, Wood S, Lloyd K, Hawton K. Self-Harm, Suicidal Behaviours, and Cyberbullying in Children and Young People: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(4):e129. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9044John A, Glendenning AC, Marchant A, Montgomery P, Stewart A, Wood S, Lloyd K, Hawton K. Self-Harm, Suicidal Behaviours, and Cyberbullying in Children and Young People: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(4):e129. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9044Orsolini L, Reina S, Longo G, Volpe U. “Swipe & slice.: decoding digital struggles with non-suicidal self-injuries among youngsters. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1403445. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1403445Orsolini L, Reina S, Longo G, Volpe U. “Swipe & slice.: decoding digital struggles with non-suicidal self-injuries among youngsters. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1403445. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1403445Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Muller A, Wolfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Muller A, Wolfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032Казаринова ЕЮ, Холмогорова АБ. Предпочитаемый контент в интернете и социальная тревожность как факторы интернет-зависимости у подростков и студенческой молодежи Психолого-педагогические исследования. 2021;13(2):123–139. doi: 10.17759/psyedu.2021130208Kazarinova EYu, Kholmogorova AB. Preferred Internet Content and Social Anxiety as Drivers of Internet Addiction in Teens and Students. Psychological-Educational Studies 2021;13(2):123–139. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17759/psyedu.2021130208Малыгин ВЛ, Хомерики НС, Антоненко АА. Индивидуально-психологические свойства подростков как факторы риска формирования интернет-зависимого поведения. Медицинская психология в России. 2015;1(30):7.Malygin VL, Khomeriki NS, Antonenko AA. Individually-psychological qualities of adolescents as risk-factors for development of internet-addictive behaviour. Medical Psychology in Russia. 2015;1(30):7. (In Russ.).Малыгин ВЛ, Меркурьева ЮА. Дифференцированная психологическая коррекция интернет-зависимости у подростков. Консультативная психология и психотерапия. 2020;28(3):142–163. doi: 10.17759/cpp.2020280309Malygin VL, Merkurieva YA. Differentiated Intervention Model for Internet Addiction in Adolescents. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2020;28(3):142–163. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17759/cpp.2020280309Каменская ВГ, Томанов ЛВ. Цифровые технологии и их влияние на социальные и психологические характеристики детей и подростков. Экспериментальная психология. 2022;15(1):139–159. doi: 10.17759/exppsy.2022150109Kamenskaya VG, Tomanov LV. Digital Technologies and their Impact on the Social and Psychological Characteristics of Adolecsents. Experimental Psychology (Russia). 2022;15(1):139–159. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2022150109World Health Organization. Teens, screens and mental health. URL: https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/25-09-2024-teens--screens-and-mental-health (date of access: 09.12.2025).World Health Organization. Teens, screens and mental health. URL: https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/25-09-2024-teens--screens-and-mental-health (date of access: 09.12.2025).Nelson BW, Harvie HMK, Jain B, Knight EL, Roos LE, Giuliano RJ. Smartphone photoplethysmography pulse rate covaries with stress and anxiety during a digital acute social stressor. Psychosom Med. 2023;85(7):577–584. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001178Nelson BW, Harvie HMK, Jain B, Knight EL, Roos LE, Giuliano RJ. Smartphone photoplethysmography pulse rate covaries with stress and anxiety during a digital acute social stressor. Psychosom Med. 2023;85(7):577–584. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001178Hu W, Zhao X, Liu Y, Ren Y, Wei Z, Tang Z, Tian Y, Sun Y, Yang J. Reward sensitivity modulates the brain reward pathway in stress resilience via the inherent neuroendocrine system. Neurobiol Stress. 2022;20:100485. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100485Hu W, Zhao X, Liu Y, Ren Y, Wei Z, Tang Z, Tian Y, Sun Y, Yang J. Reward sensitivity modulates the brain reward pathway in stress resilience via the inherent neuroendocrine system. Neurobiol Stress. 2022;20:100485. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100485Poli R. Internet addiction update: diagnostic criteria, assessment and prevalence. Neuropsychiatry. 2017;7(1). doi: 10.4172/Neuropsychiatry.1000171Poli R. Internet addiction update: diagnostic criteria, assessment and prevalence. Neuropsychiatry. 2017;7(1). doi: 10.4172/Neuropsychiatry.1000171Huang S, Lai X, Ke L, Qin X, Yan JJ, Xie Y, Dai X, Wang Y. Smartphone stress: Concept, structure, and development of measurement among adolescents. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 2022;16(5):1. doi: 10.5817/CP2022-5-1Huang S, Lai X, Ke L, Qin X, Yan JJ, Xie Y, Dai X, Wang Y. Smartphone stress: Concept, structure, and development of measurement among adolescents. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 2022;16(5):1. doi: 10.5817/CP2022-5-1Расина ЭО. Индекс виртуализации личности интернет-пользователя: апробация психометрической методики. СибСкрипт. 2023;25(2):228–239. doi: 10.21603/sibscript-2023-25-2-228-239Rasina EO. Internet User Personality Virtualization Index: Psychometric Technique Approbation. SibScript. 2023;25(2):228–239. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21603/sibscript-2023-25-2-228-239Богдан МС, Бура ЛВ. Опросник .Уровень интернет-активности личности.. Системная психология и социология. 2025;56(4):5–14. doi: 10.24412/2223-6872-2025-456-5-14Bogdan MS, Bura LV. Questionnaire “Internet activity level of person.. Systems Psychology and Sociology. 2025;56(4):5–14. (In Russ.). doi: 10.24412/2223-6872-2025-456-5-14Шейнов ВП. Адаптация и валидизация опросника .Шкала зависимости от смартфона. для русскоязычного социума. Системная психология и социология. 2020;35(3):75–84. doi: 10.25688/2223-6872.2020.35.3.6Sheinov VP. Adaptation and validization of the questionnaire .Scale of dependence on the smartphone. for the Russian-speaking society. Systems Psychology and Sociology. 2020;35(3):75–84. (In Russ.). doi: 10.25688/2223-6872.2020.35.3.6Сирота НА, Московченко ДВ, Ялтонский ВМ, Ялтонская АВ. Разработка русскоязычной версии опросника проблемного использования социальных сетей. Консультативная психология и психотерапия. 2018;26(3):33–55. doi: 10.17759/cpp.2018260303Sirota NA, Moskovchenko DV, Yaltonsky VM, Yaltonskaya AV. Development of the Russian Version of the Questionnaire for the Problematic Use of Social Networks. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2018;26(3):33–55. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17759/cpp.2018260303Максименко АА, Золотарева АА, Курапов СВ, Курапова АС. Без смартфона как без рук? Номофобия, прокрастинация и академическая мотивация: адаптация русскоязычного опросника номофобии и анализ цифровых зависимостей студентов. Высшее образование в России. 2025;34(8-9):93–113. doi: 10.31992/0869-3617-2025-34-8-9-93-113Maksimenko AA, Zolotareva AA, Kurapov SV, Kurapova AS. Without a Smartphone Like Without Hands? Nomophobia, Procrastination and Academic Motivation: Adaptation of the Russian-Language Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and Analysis of Students' Digital Dependencies. Higher Education in Russia. 2025;34(8-9):93–113. (In Russ.). doi: 10.31992/0869-3617-2025-34-8-9-93-113Ардисламов ВВ, Кляхина ПР, Шаипова ЭР. Адаптация русскоязычной версии опросника страха упущенных возможностей. Психологические исследования. 2024;17(96):1. doi: 10.54359/ps.v17i96.1619Ardislamov VV, Klyakhina PR, Shaipova ER. Adaptation of fear of missing out questionnaire for Russian language. Psychological Studies. 2024;17(96):1. (In Russ.). doi: 10.54359/ps.v17i96.1619Золотарева АА. Психометрические свойства русскоязычной версии Шкалы воспринимаемого стресса (версии PSS-4, 10, 14). Клиническая и специальная психология. 2023;12(1):18–42. doi: 10.17759/cpse.2023120102Zolotareva AA. Psychometric Properties of the Russian Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4, 10, 14). Clinical Psychology and Special Education. 2023;12(1):18–42. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17759/cpse.2023120102Nakao M, Shirotsuki K, Sugaya N. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for management of mental health and stress-related disorders: Recent advances in techniques and technologies. Biopsychosoc Med. 2021;15(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13030-021-00219-wNakao M, Shirotsuki K, Sugaya N. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for management of mental health and stress-related disorders: Recent advances in techniques and technologies. Biopsychosoc Med. 2021;15(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s13030-021-00219-wStafford-Brown J, Pakenham K. The Effectiveness of an ACT Informed Intervention for Managing Stress and Improving Therapist Qualities in Clinical Psychology Trainees. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(6):592–613. doi: 10.1002/JCLP.21844Stafford-Brown J, Pakenham K. The Effectiveness of an ACT Informed Intervention for Managing Stress and Improving Therapist Qualities in Clinical Psychology Trainees. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(6):592–613. doi: 10.1002/JCLP.21844Wierenga K, Fresco D, Alder M, Moore S. Emotion Regulation Training May Improve Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Physical Activity. Innov Aging. 2020;4(1):587–588. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1967Wierenga K, Fresco D, Alder M, Moore S. Emotion Regulation Training May Improve Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Physical Activity. Innov Aging. 2020;4(1):587–588. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1967Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS. Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: Systematic review. Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2015;31(3):463–475. doi: 10.1590/0102-311x00036114Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS. Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: Systematic review. Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2015;31(3):463–475. doi: 10.1590/0102-311x00036114Weinstein E, James C. School-Based Initiatives Promoting Digital Citizenship and Healthy Digital Media Use. In: Nesi J, Telzer EH, Prinstein MJ, eds. Handbook of Adolescent Digital Media Use and Mental Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2022:365–388.Weinstein E, James C. School-Based Initiatives Promoting Digital Citizenship and Healthy Digital Media Use. In: Nesi J, Telzer EH, Prinstein MJ, eds. Handbook of Adolescent Digital Media Use and Mental Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2022:365–388.Корниенко ДС, Руднова НА, Смирнова ЯК, Калимуллин АМ, Семенов ЮИ. Цифровые предпочтения старших подростков: проблемы онлайн-активности и роль социальной поддержки. Социальная психология и общество. 2025;16(2):78–95. doi: 10.17759/sps.2025160206Kornienko DS, Rudnova NA, Smirnova YK, Kalimullin AM, Semenov YI. Digital media preferences in late adolescence: challenges of online engagement and the importance of social support. Social Psychology and Society. 2025;16(2):78–95. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17759/sps.2025160206Liu J, Wu L, Sun X, Bai X, Duan C. Active Parental Mediation and Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: The Mediating Role of Parent-Child Relationships and Hiding Online Behavior. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(8):679. doi: 10.3390/bs13080679Liu J, Wu L, Sun X, Bai X, Duan C. Active Parental Mediation and Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: The Mediating Role of Parent-Child Relationships and Hiding Online Behavior. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(8):679. doi: 10.3390/bs13080679Espelage DL, Hong JS. Cyberbullying Prevention and Intervention Efforts: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(6):374–380. doi: 10.1177/0706743716684793Espelage DL, Hong JS. Cyberbullying Prevention and Intervention Efforts: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(6):374–380. doi: 10.1177/0706743716684793

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.