psychiatryПСИХИАТРИЯPsychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya)1683-83192618-6667FSBSI “The Mental Health Research Centre”; LLC «Publisher «MIA»10.30629/2618-6667-2026-24-4-83-92psychiatry-1648Research ArticleПСИХОПАТОЛОГИЯ, КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ И БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПСИХИАТРИЯPSYCHOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRYИзучение процессов внутренней речи: адаптация русскоязычных версий опросников для ее оценкиThe Study of Inner Speech: Adaptation of Russian-Language Versions of Inner Speech Questionnaireshttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-2021-6260ПроскуринаВ. В.ProskurinaV. V.

Валерия Владиславовна Проскурина, младший научный сотрудник отделения психогений и расстройствличности

Москва

Valeria V. Proskurina, Junior Research Fellow, Department of Psychogeny and Personality Disorders

Moscow

proskurinalera@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9922-3818ТкаченкоА. А.TkachenkoA. A.

Андрей Анатольевич Ткаченко, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель Отдела судебно-психиатрических экспертиз в уголовном процессе; профессор кафедры социальной и судебной психиатрии

Москва

Andrey A. Tkachenko, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Forensic Psychiatric Examinations in Criminal Proceedings; Professor, Department of Social and Forensic Psychiatry

Moscow

tkatchenko_gnc@mail.ruФБГУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского» Минздрава РоссииРоссияV.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and NarcologyRussian FederationФБГУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияV.P. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)Russian Federation2026171020262448392Copyright © Проскурина В.В., Ткаченко А.А., 20262026Проскурина В.В., Ткаченко А.А.Proskurina V.V., Tkachenko A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/1648

Обоснование: внутренняя речь рассматривается как ключевой механизм когнитивной регуляции, самосознания и психопатологического синдромообразования, однако в русскоязычном контексте сохраняется дефицит валидных и комплексных инструментов ее психометрической оценки. Цель работы: предварительная адаптация и проверка факторной структуры русскоязычных версий опросников Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire-Revised (VISQ-R), Self-Talk Scale (STS) и General Inner Speech Questionnaire-30-Revised (GISQ-30-R). Участники, материалы и методы: в исследовании приняли участие 109 мужчин (средний возраст 33,7 ± 8,9), включая пациентов с расстройствами личности (F60–61 по МКБ-10), расстройствами шизофренического спектра (F20–21 по МКБ-10) и психически здоровых респондентов. Адаптацию опросников проводили с использованием процедуры прямого и обратного перевода с экспертной оценкой и согласованием с авторами оригинальных методик. Для проверки факторной структуры применяли конфирматорный факторный анализ. Результаты: русскоязычные версии STS и GISQ-30-R в целом воспроизвели оригинальные факторные модели, продемонстрировав приемлемые показатели соответствия и значимые факторные нагрузки пунктов. Для VISQ-R выявлено неудовлетворительное соответствие данным исходной модели. При сохранении значимых нагрузок большинства пунктов этот результат указывает на методологические ограничения, связанные с объемом и гетерогенностью выборки. Выводы: полученные результаты подтверждают перспективность использования адаптированных версий STS и GISQ-30-R в русскоязычных клинических и неклинических исследованиях. Для VISQ-R требуется дальнейшая модификация модели и повторная проверка на более крупных и однородных выборках.

Background: inner speech is considered a central mechanism underlying cognitive regulation, self-awareness, and psychopathological syndrome formation; however, valid and comprehensive instruments for its psychometric assessment remain scarce in the Russian-speaking context. Objective: To conduct a preliminary adaptation and to examine the factor structure of the Russian-language versions of the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire-Revised (VISQ-R), the Self-Talk Scale (STS), and the General Inner Speech Questionnaire-30-Revised (GISQ-30-R). Participants, Material and Methods: the study sample comprised 109 male participants (mean age 33.7 ± 8.9), including patients diagnosed with personality disorders (F60–61), schizophrenia spectrum disorders (F20–21), and mentally healthy controls. The questionnaires were adapted using standardized forward and backward translation procedures, followed by expert review and approval from the original authors. Cofirmatory factor analysis was employed to evaluate the factor structure of the adapted instruments. Results: the Russian-language versions of the STS and GISQ-30-R largely replicated their original factor structures, demonstrating acceptable model fit indices and statistically significant factor loadings for most items. In contrast, the VISQ-R exhibited inadequate overall model fit, although the majority of items showed significant loadings, suggesting methodological limitations primarily related to the modest sample size and its clinical heterogeneity. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the adapted STS and GISQ-30-R can be considered promising tools for the assessment of inner speech in Russian-language clinical and non-clinical research. Further refinement of the VISQ-R model and validation on larger and more homogeneous samples are warranted.

внутренняя речьопросникиSTSGISQ-30-RVISQ-Rinner speechquestionnairesSTSGISQ-30-RVISQ-Rисследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации в рамках реализации государственного задания № 124020800048-9.the reported study was funded by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation within the assignment number 124020800048-9.ReferencesBrinthaupt TM, Hein MB, Kramer TE. The SelfTalk Scale: Development, Factor Analysis, and Validation. J Pers Assess. 2009;91(1):82–92. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484498Brinthaupt TM, Hein MB, Kramer TE. The SelfTalk Scale: Development, Factor Analysis, and Validation. J Pers Assess. 2009;91(1):82–92. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484498Heavey CL, Hurlburt RT. The phenomena of inner experience. Conscious Cogn. 2008;17(3):798–810. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.12.006Heavey CL, Hurlburt RT. The phenomena of inner experience. Conscious Cogn. 2008;17(3):798–810. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.12.006Проскурина ВВ, Ткаченко АА. Роль внутренней речи в психопатологическом синдромообразовании и когнитивных процессах. Российский психиатрический журнал. 2024;(2):88–100.Proskurina VV, Tkachenko AA. The role of inner speech in psychopathological syndrome formation and cognitive processes. Russian Journal of Psychiatry. 2024;(2):88–100. (In Russ.).Выготский ЛС. Мышление и речь. М.: АСТ, 2013. 576 с. ISBN: 978-5-17-133833-6Vygotskii LS. Thought and language. Moscow: АСТ; 2013. 576 p. (In Russ.). ISBN: 978-5-17-133833-6Alderson-Day B, Fernyhough C. Inner Speech: development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychol Bull. 2015;141(5):931–965. doi: 10.1037/bul0000021Alderson-Day B, Fernyhough C. Inner Speech: development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychol Bull. 2015;141(5):931–965. doi: 10.1037/bul0000021Nedergaard J, Skewes JC, Wallentin M. “Stay focused!”: the role of inner speech in maintaining attention during a boring task. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2023;49(4):451–464. doi: 10.1037/xhp0001112Nedergaard J, Skewes JC, Wallentin M. “Stay focused!”: the role of inner speech in maintaining attention during a boring task. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2023;49(4):451–464. doi: 10.1037/xhp0001112Petrolini V, Jorba M, Vicente A. The role of inner speech in executive functioning tasks: schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations and autistic spectrum conditions as case studies. Front Psychol. 2020;11;572035. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572035Petrolini V, Jorba M, Vicente A. The role of inner speech in executive functioning tasks: schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations and autistic spectrum conditions as case studies. Front Psychol. 2020;11;572035. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572035Morin A, Racy F. Dynamic self-processes. In book: Rauthmann JF. The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes. Elsevier. 2021:365–386. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813995-0.00015-7Morin A, Racy F. Dynamic self-processes. In book: Rauthmann JF. The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes. Elsevier. 2021:365–386. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813995-0.00015-7Илюшина ЕА, Ткаченко АА. Роль категории понимания в экспертной оценке юридически значимых психических расстройств. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2024;34(3):82–89.Ilushina EA, Tkachenko AA. The role of the understanding category in expert assessment of legally significant mental disorders. Social and Clinical Psychiatry. 2024;34(3):82–9. (In Russ.).Morin A, Everett J. Inner speech as a mediator of self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge: an hypothesis. New Ideas Psychol. 1990;8(3):337–356. doi: 10.1016/0732-118X(94)90020-5Morin A, Everett J. Inner speech as a mediator of self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge: an hypothesis. New Ideas Psychol. 1990;8(3):337–356. doi: 10.1016/0732-118X(94)90020-5Dolcos S, Albarracin D. The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2014;44(6):636–642. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2048Dolcos S, Albarracin D. The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2014;44(6):636–642. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2048Salas CE, Castro O, Radovic D, Gross JJ, Turnbull O.The Role of Inner Speech in Emotion Dysregulation and Emotion Regulation Strategy Use. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología. 2018;50(2):79–88. doi: 10.14349/rlp.2018.v50.n2.1Salas CE, Castro O, Radovic D, Gross JJ, Turnbull O.The Role of Inner Speech in Emotion Dysregulation and Emotion Regulation Strategy Use. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología. 2018;50(2):79–88. doi: 10.14349/rlp.2018.v50.n2.1Проскурина ВВ, Ткаченко АА. Дезавтоматизация внутренней речи как фактор психопатологического синдромообразования и нарушения речи. Российский психиатрический журнал. 2025;(3):4–14.Proskurina VV, Tkachenko AA. [Deautomatization of inner speech as a factor of psychopathological syndrome formation and self-regulation disordes]. Russian Journal of Psychiatry. 2025;(3):4–14. (In Russ.).Fernyhough C. Alien voices and inner dialogue: Towards a developmental account of auditory verbal hallucinations. New Ideas in Psychol. 2004;22(1):49– 68. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.09.001Fernyhough C. Alien voices and inner dialogue: Towards a developmental account of auditory verbal hallucinations. New Ideas in Psychol. 2004;22(1):49– 68. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.09.001Соколов АН. Внутренняя речь и мышление. М. 1967:248.Sokolov AN. Inner speech and thinking. Moscow. Prosveshcheniye. 1968:248. (In Russ.).Alderson-Day B, Weis S, McCarthy-Jones S, Moseley P, Smailes D, Fernyhough C. The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11(1):110–20. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv094. Epub 2015 Jul 20. PMID: 26197805; PMCID: PMC4692319.Alderson-Day B, Weis S, McCarthy-Jones S, Moseley P, Smailes D, Fernyhough C. The brain's conversation with itself: neural substrates of dialogic inner speech. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11(1):110–20. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv094. Epub 2015 Jul 20. PMID: 26197805; PMCID: PMC4692319.McGuire PK, Silbersweig DA, Wright I, Murray RM, Frackowiak RS, Frith CD. The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(2):148–159. doi: 10.1192/bjp.169.2.148McGuire PK, Silbersweig DA, Wright I, Murray RM, Frackowiak RS, Frith CD. The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(2):148–159. doi: 10.1192/bjp.169.2.148Nieto N, Peterson V, Rufiner HL, Kamienkowski JE, Spies R. Thinking out loud, an open-access EEGbased BCI dataset for inner speech recognition. Sci Data. 2022;9(1):52. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01147-2Nieto N, Peterson V, Rufiner HL, Kamienkowski JE, Spies R. Thinking out loud, an open-access EEGbased BCI dataset for inner speech recognition. Sci Data. 2022;9(1):52. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01147-2Stephan F, Saalbach H, Rossi S. The brain differentially prepares inner and overt speech production: electrophysiological and vascular evidence. Brain Sci. 2020;10(3):148. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10030148Stephan F, Saalbach H, Rossi S. The brain differentially prepares inner and overt speech production: electrophysiological and vascular evidence. Brain Sci. 2020;10(3):148. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10030148Alderson-Day B, Mitrenga K, Wilkinson S, McCarthy-Jones S, Fernyhough C. The varieties of inner speech questionnaire-revised (VISQ-R): replicating and replicating links between inner speech and psychopathology. Conscious Cogn. 2018;65:48–58. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.001Alderson-Day B, Mitrenga K, Wilkinson S, McCarthy-Jones S, Fernyhough C. The varieties of inner speech questionnaire-revised (VISQ-R): replicating and replicating links between inner speech and psychopathology. Conscious Cogn. 2018;65:48–58. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.07.001Duncan RM, Cheyne JA. Incidence and functions of self-reported private speech in young adults: a self-verbalization questionnaire. Can J Behav Sci. 1999;31(3):133–136. doi: 10.1037/h0087081Duncan RM, Cheyne JA. Incidence and functions of self-reported private speech in young adults: a self-verbalization questionnaire. Can J Behav Sci. 1999;31(3):133–136. doi: 10.1037/h0087081Racy F, Morin A, Duhnych C. Using a thought listing procedure to construct the General Inner Speech questionnaire: en ecological approach. J Costr Psychol. 2019;33(4):385–405. doi: 10.1080/10720537.2019.1633572Racy F, Morin A, Duhnych C. Using a thought listing procedure to construct the General Inner Speech questionnaire: en ecological approach. J Costr Psychol. 2019;33(4):385–405. doi: 10.1080/10720537.2019.1633572Uttl B, Morin A, Hamper B. Are inner speech questionnaires reliable and valid? Procedia — Soc Behav Sci. 2011;30:1719–1723. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.332Uttl B, Morin A, Hamper B. Are inner speech questionnaires reliable and valid? Procedia — Soc Behav Sci. 2011;30:1719–1723. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.332McCarthy-Jones S, Fernyhough C. The varieties of inner speech: links between quality of inner speech and psychopathological variables in a sample of young adults. Conscious Cogn. 2011;20(4):1586–93. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.005. Epub 2011 Aug 30. Erratum in: Conscious Cogn. 2014 Jan;23:40–1. PMID: 21880511.McCarthy-Jones S, Fernyhough C. The varieties of inner speech: links between quality of inner speech and psychopathological variables in a sample of young adults. Conscious Cogn. 2011;20(4):1586–93. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.005. Epub 2011 Aug 30. Erratum in: Conscious Cogn. 2014 Jan;23:40–1. PMID: 21880511.Alderson-Day B, McCarthy-Jones S, Bedford S, Collins H, Dunne H, Rooke C, Fernyhough C. Shot through with voices: Dissociation mediates the relationship between varieties of inner speech and auditory hallucination proneness. Conscious Cogn. 2014;27:288– 296. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.010Alderson-Day B, McCarthy-Jones S, Bedford S, Collins H, Dunne H, Rooke C, Fernyhough C. Shot through with voices: Dissociation mediates the relationship between varieties of inner speech and auditory hallucination proneness. Conscious Cogn. 2014;27:288– 296. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.010Racy F, Kolesnikova N, Vermette M, Morin A. Exploration of the General Inner Speech Questionnaire — Revised. Original research presented at the Science of Consciousness (TSC) Conference, Taormina, Italy. 2023. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25856.61445Racy F, Kolesnikova N, Vermette M, Morin A. Exploration of the General Inner Speech Questionnaire — Revised. Original research presented at the Science of Consciousness (TSC) Conference, Taormina, Italy. 2023. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25856.61445Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. 2015.Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. 2015.Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (1st ed.). Routledge. 2012.Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (1st ed.). Routledge. 2012.Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. 2016.Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. 2016.Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson. 2010.Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson. 2010.Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull. 1990;107(2):238–46. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238. PMID: 2320703.Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull. 1990;107(2):238–46. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238. PMID: 2320703.van de Vijver FJR, Tanzer NK. Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: An overview. European Review of Applied Psychology = Revue Européenne de psychologie appliquée. 1997;47(4):263–280.van de Vijver FJR, Tanzer NK. Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: An overview. European Review of Applied Psychology = Revue Européenne de psychologie appliquée. 1997;47(4):263–280.van de Vijver FJR, LEUNG K. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Sage publications. 1997.van de Vijver FJR, LEUNG K. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Sage publications. 1997.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.