psychiatryПСИХИАТРИЯPsychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya)1683-83192618-6667FSBSI “The Mental Health Research Centre”; LLC «Publisher «MIA»2618-6667-2018-71-109-122psychiatry-322Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫSCIENTIFIC REVIEWSСовременные концепции этиологии и нейрохимии тревожно-депрессивных расстройств. Ч. 1Current view on the etiology and neurochemistry of anxiety-depressive disorders. Part 1ТерещенкоОлесся НиколаевнаTereshchenkoOlessya

младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория патофизиологии

MD, junior researcher, laboratory of pathophysiology

Tereshchenko.Olessya@yandex.ruКостНаталья ВсеволодовнаKostNatalia

доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, лаборатория патофизиологии

PhD, doctor of biological sciences, professor, chief researcher, laboratory of pathophysiology

ФГБНУ «Научный центр психического здоровья», МоскваРоссияFSBSI «Mental Health Research Centre», MoscowRussian Federation201831102018177109122Copyright © Терещенко О.Н., Кост Н.В., 20182018Терещенко О.Н., Кост Н.В.Tereshchenko O., Kost N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/322

В 1-й части представлен обзор современных зарубежных и отечественных публикаций по проблеме этиологии, нейрохимии и патофизиологии тревожно-депрессивных расстройств. Обсуждаются теории возникновения, нейромедиаторные системы и анатомические структуры, задействованные в патогенезе тревожно-депрессивных расстройств. На основании этого во 2-й части обзора будут изложены современные тенденции патогенетической терапии тревоги.

The 1 part deals with the review of current foreign and domestic views on the etiology, neurochemistry, and pathophysiology of anxiety-depressive disorders. Theories of emergence, neuromediator systems, and anatomic structures, engaged in the pathogenesis of anxiety-depressive disorders, were discussed. On this basis current trends of pathogenetic therapy of anxiety will be presented in the second part.

тревогапатогенезнейрохимиятревожно-депрессивные расстройствадепрессияanxietypathogenesisneurochemistryanxiety-depressive disordersdepressive disorderReferencesКраснов В.Н. Тревожные расстройства: их место в современной систематике и подходы к терапии. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2008;18(3):33–38.Krasnov V.N. Trevozhnye rasstrojstva: ih mesto v sovremennoj sistematike i podhody k terapii. Social’naya i klinicheskaya psihiatriya. 2008;18(3):33–38. (In Russ.).Андрух П.Г. Этиология, нейрохимия и клиника современных форм тревожно-депрессивных расстройств. Медицинские исследования. 2001;1(1):109–110.Andruh P.G. Ehtiologiya, nejrohimiya i klinika sovremennyh form trevozhno-depressivnyh rasstrojstv. Medicinskie issledovaniya. 2001;1(1):109–110. (In Russ.).Gorman J. M. Anxiety disorders: Introduction and overview. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 17th ed. on CD- ROM. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins, 2000.Gorman J. M. Anxiety disorders: Introduction and overview. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 17th ed. on CD- ROM. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins, 2000.Klein D.F. Historical aspects of anxiety. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2002;4(3):295–304.Klein D.F. Historical aspects of anxiety. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2002;4:295–304.Lambert M.V., Senior C., Fewtrell W.D., Phillips M.L., David A.S. Primary and secondary depersonalisation disorder: a psychometric study. J. Affect. Dis. 2001;63(1–3):249–256.Lambert M.V., Senior C., Fewtrell W.D., Phillips M.L., David A.S. Primary and secondary depersonalisation disorder: a psychometric study. J. Affect. Dis. 2001;63(1–3):249–256.Снежневский А.В. Руководство по психиатрии. М.: Медицина, 1983. Т. 1.Snezhnevskij A.V. Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii. M.: Medicina, 1983. T. 1. (In Russ.).Barlow D.H. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2001.Barlow D.H. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2001.Chisholm D., Sweeny K., Sheehan P., Rasmussen B., Smit F., Cuj- pers P., Saxena S. Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: a global return on investment analisis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(5):415–424.Chisholm D., Sweeny K., Sheehan P., Rasmussen B., Smit F., Cujpers P., Saxena S. Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: a global return on investment analisis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(5):415–424.Программа ВОЗ по заполнению пробелов в области охраны психического здоровья. URL: http://www.who.int/ru/ [сайт ВОЗ]Programma VOZ po zapolneniyu probelov v oblasti ohrany psihicheskogo zdorov’ya. URL: http://www.who.int/ru/ [sajt VOZ] (In Russ.)Bijl R. V., Ravelli A., van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1998;33(12):587–595.Bijl R. V., Ravelli A., van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1998;33(12):587–595.Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Ehleman S., Wittchen H.U., Kendler K.S. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8–19.Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Ehleman S., Wittchen H.U., Kendler K.S. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8–19.Sartorius N., Ustün T.B., Lecrubier Y., Wittchen H.U. Depression comorbid with anxiety: results from the WHO study on psychological disorders in primary health care. British journal of psychiatry. 1996;168(30):38–43.Sartorius N., Ustün T.B., Lecrubier Y., Wittchen H.U. Depression comorbid with anxiety: results from the WHO study on psychological disorders in primary health care. British journal of psychiatry. 1996;168(30):38–43.Blazer D.G., Hughes D., George L.K., Swartz M., Boyer R. Generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiolgic Catchment Area study / Eds. L.N. Robins, D.A. Regier. New York: Free Press, 1991:180–203.Blazer D.G., Hughes D., George L.K., Swartz M., Boyer R. Generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiolgic Catchment Area study / Eds. L.N. Robins, D.A. Regier. New York: Free Press, 1991:180–203.Faravelli C., Guerrini Degl’Innocenti B., Giardinelli L. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in Florence. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1989;79(4):308–312.Faravelli C., Guerrini Degl’Innocenti B., Giardinelli L. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in Florence. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1989;79(4):308–312.Hwu H.G., Yeh E.K., Chang L.Y. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1989;79(2):136–147.Hwu H.G., Yeh E.K., Chang L.Y. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1989;79(2):136–147.Lee C.K., Kwak Y.S., Yamamoto J., Rhee H., Kim Y.S., Han J.H., Choi J.O., Lee Y.H. Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part I: Gender and age differences in Seoul. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1990;178(4):242–246.Lee C.K., Kwak Y.S., Yamamoto J., Rhee H., Kim Y.S., Han J.H., Choi J.O., Lee Y.H. Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part I: Gender and age differences in Seoul. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1990;178(4):242–246.Uhlenhuth E.H., Balter M.B., Mellinger G.D. Symptom checklist syndromes in the general population. Correlations with psychotherapeutic drug use. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1983;40(11):1167–1173.Uhlenhuth E.H., Balter M.B., Mellinger G.D. Symptom checklist syndromes in the general population. Correlations with psychotherapeutic drug use. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1983;40(11):1167–1173.Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Linzer M., Hahn S.R., Williams J.B., deGruy F.V et al. Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with mental disorders: Results from the PRIME MD 1000 Study. Journal of American Medical Association. 1995;274(19):1511–1517.Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Linzer M., Hahn S.R., Williams J.B., deGruy F.V et al. Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with mental disorders: Results from the PRIME MD 1000 Study. Journal of American Medical Association. 1995;274(19):1511–1517.Roy-Byrne P.P., Katon W. Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: the precursor/modifier pathway to increased health care utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;58(3):34–38.Roy-Byrne P.P., Katon W. Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: the precursor/modifier pathway to increased health care utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;58(3):34–38.Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005;Jun;62(6):617–627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005;Jun;62(6):617–627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617Wittchen H.U., Carter R.M., Pfister H. et al. Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(6):319–328.Wittchen H.U., Carter R.M., Pfister H. et al. Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(6):319–328.Аведисова А.С. Контролирование симптомов тревоги и лечение тревожно-фобических расстройств — альтернатива или нет? Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия им. П.Б. Ганнушкина. 2006;8(5):23–28.Avedisova A.S. Kontrolirovanie simptomov trevogi i lechenie trevozhno-fobicheskih rasstrojstv — al’ternativa ili net? Psihiatriya i psihofarmakoterapiya im. P.B. Gannushkina. 2006;8(5):23–28. (In Russ.).Вертоградова О.П. Тревожно-фобические расстройства и депрессия. Тревога и обсессии / Под ред. А.Б. Смулевича. М.: НЦПЗ РАМН, 1998:113–131.Vertogradova O.P. Trevozhno-fobicheskie rasstrojstva i depressiya. Trevoga i obsessii / Pod red. A.B. Smulevicha. M.: NCPZ RAMN, 1998: 113–131. (In Russ.).Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Lopez-Ibor J.J., Okasha A. (Eds.). Phobias. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Lopez-Ibor J.J., Okasha A. (Eds.). Phobias. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.Nutt D.J., Rickels K., Stein D.J. Generalized anxiety disorders: symptomatology, pathogenesis and management. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002.Nutt D.J., Rickels K., Stein D.J. Generalized anxiety disorders: symptomatology, pathogenesis and management. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002.Starcevic V. Anxiety disorders in adults. A clinical guide. Oxford etc: Oxford University Press, 2005.Starcevic V. Anxiety disorders in adults. A clinical guide. Oxford etc: Oxford University Press, 2005.Stein D.J., Hollander E., Rothbaum B.O. Textbook of anxiety disorders. Washington etc: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2002.Stein D.J., Hollander E., Rothbaum B.O. Textbook of anxiety disorders. Washington etc: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2002.Лапин И.П. Стресс. Тревога. Депрессия. Алкоголизм. Эпилепсия. СПб.: ДЕАН, 2004.Lapin I.P. Stress. Trevoga. Depressiya. Alkogolizm. Ehpilepsiya. SPb.: DEAN, 2004. (In Russ.).Gorman J.M., Sloan R.P. Heart rate variability in depressive and an- xiety disorders. Am. Heart J. 2000;Oct;140(4):77–83.Gorman J.M., Sloan R.P. Heart rate variability in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am. Heart J. 2000;Oct;140(4):77–83.Gorwood P. Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity: An example of genetic pleiotropy? European Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.10.002Gorwood P. Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity: An example of genetic pleiotropy? European Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.10.002Kendler K.S. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes (partly) different environments — revisited. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1996;June;30:68–75.Kendler K.S. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes (partly) different environments — revisited. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1996;June;30:68–75.Lewis A. The state of psychiatry: essay and addresses. New York: Science House, 1967:179–194.Lewis A. The state of psychiatry: essay and addresses. New York: Science House, 1967:179–194.Schlegel S., Steinert H., Bocksich A. et al. Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder measured by lomazenil-SPECT. A preliminary report. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1994;244(1):49–51.Schlegel S., Steinert H., Bocksich A. et al. Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder measured by lomazenil-SPECT. A preliminary report. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1994;244(1):49–51.Weissman M.M., Klerman G.L., Markowitz J.S., Ouellette R. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in panic disorder and attacks. New England Journal of Medicine. 1989;321(18):1209–1214.Weissman M.M., Klerman G.L., Markowitz J.S., Ouellette R. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in panic disorder and attacks. New England Journal of Medicine. 1989;321(18):1209–1214.Краснов В.Н. Научно-практическая программа «Выявление и лечение депрессий в первичной медицинской сети». Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 1999;9(4):5–9.Krasnov V.N. Nauchno-prakticheskaya programma «Vyyavlenie i lechenie depressij v pervichnoj medicinskoj seti». Social’naya i klinicheskaya psihiatriya. 1999;9(4):5–9. (In Russ.).Краснов В.Н., Бобров А.Е., Довженко Т.И., Вельтищев Д.Ю., Шишков С.Н., Антипова О.С., Яльцева Н.В., Банников Г.С., Холмогорова А.Б., Гаранян Н.Г. Совершенствование методов ранней диагностики психических расстройств (на основе взаимодействия со специалистами первичного звена здравоохранения) / Под ред. В.Н. Краснова. М.: Медпрактика-М, 2008.Krasnov V.N., Bobrov A.E., Dovzhenko T.I., Vel’tishchev D.Yu., Shishkov S.N., Antipova O.S., Yal’ceva N.V., Bannikov G.S., Holmogorova A.B., Garanyan N.G. Sovershenstvovanie metodov rannej diagnostiki psihicheskih rasstrojstv (na osnove vzaimodejstviya so specialistami pervichnogo zvena zdravoohraneniya) / Pod red. V.N. Krasnova. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2008. (In Russ.).Hirschfeld R.M. A. placebo response in the treatment of panic disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1996;60(2):А76–А86.Hirschfeld R.M. A. placebo response in the treatment of panic disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1996;60(2):А76–А86.Keller M.B., Baker L.А. The clinical course of panic disorder and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992;53:5–8.Keller M.B., Baker L.А. The clinical course of panic disorder and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992;53:5–8.Marks I., Lader M. Anxiety states (anxiety neurosis): A review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1973;156(1):3–18.Marks I., Lader M. Anxiety states (anxiety neurosis): A review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1973;156(1):3–18.Noyes R., Jr., Clancy J., Hoenk P.R., Slymen D.J. The prognosis of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980;37(2):173–178.Noyes R. Jr., Clancy J., Hoenk P.R., Slymen D.J. The prognosis of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1980;37(2):173–178.British National Formulary № 31. British Medical association and Royal pharmaceutical society of Great Britain. London, 1996.British National Formulary № 31. British Medical association and Royal pharmaceutical society of Great Britain. London, 1996.Wittchen H.U., Kessler R.C., Pfister H., Lieb R. Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective longitudinal community study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2000;102(406):14–23.Wittchen H.U., Kessler R.C., Pfister H., Lieb R. Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective longitudinal community study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2000;102(406):14–23.Blalock J.E. The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication. Immunol. Today. 1994;15:504–511.Blalock J.E. The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication. Immunol. Today. 1994;15:504–511.Kessler R.C., Du Pont R.L., Berglund P., Wittchen H.U. Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156(12):1915–1923.Kessler R.C., Du Pont R.L., Berglund P., Wittchen H.U. Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156(12):1915–1923.Kessler R.C., Keller M.B., Wittchen H.U. The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2001;24(1):19–39.Kessler R.C., Keller M.B., Wittchen H.U. The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2001;24(1):19–39.Coryell W., Noyes R., House J.D. Mortality among outpatients with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;143(4):508– 510.Coryell W., Noyes R., House J.D. Mortality among outpatients with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986;143(4):508– 510.Katsura M., Ohkuma S. Functional involvement of endogenous anxiogenic neuropeptide in brains. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004;Jun;24(3):119–123.Katsura M., Ohkuma S. Functional involvement of endogenous anxiogenic neuropeptide in brains. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2004;Jun;24(3):119–123.Gaynes B.N., Rush A.J., Trivedi M.H., Wisniewski S.R., Balasubramani G.K., Spencer D.C., Petersen T., Klinkman M., Warden D., Nicholas L., Fava M. Major depression symptoms in primary care and psychiatric care settings: A cross-sectional analysis. Ann. Family Medicine. 2007;5:126–134. doi: 10.1370/afm.641Gaynes B.N., Rush A.J., Trivedi M.H., Wisniewski S.R., Balasubramani G.K., Spencer D.C., Petersen T., Klinkman M., Warden D., Nicholas L., Fava M. Major depression symptoms in primary care and psychiatric care settings: A cross-sectional analysis. Ann. Family Medicine. 2007;5:126–134. doi: 10.1370/afm.641Hofmann S.G., Barlow D.H. The costs of anxiety disorders: Implications for psychosocial interventions. Cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy: A guide for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers / Ed. N.E. Miller, K.M. Magruder. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999:224–234.Hofmann S.G., Barlow D.H. The costs of anxiety disorders: Implications for psychosocial interventions. Cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy: A guide for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers / Ed. N.E. Miller, K.M. Magruder. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999:224–234.Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Доклад о состоянии здравоохранения в мире — 2001. Психическое здоровье: Новое понимание, новая надежда. Женева: ВОЗ, 2001;215.Vsemirnaya organizaciya zdravoohraneniya. Doklad o sostoyanii zdravoohraneniya v mire — 2001. Psihicheskoe zdorov’e: Novoe ponimanie, novaya nadezhda. Zheneva: VOZ 2001;215. (In Russ.).Данилова H.H., Крылова А.Л. Физиология высшей нервной дея- тельности. Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2005.Danilova H.H., Krylova A.L. Fiziologiia vysshei nervnoi deiatel’nosti. Rostov n/D: Feniks, 2005.Schulkin J. Neuroendocrine regulation of behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Schulkin J. Neuroendocrine regulation of behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Shekhar A., McCann U.D., Meaney M.J., Blanchard D.C., Davis M., Frey K.A., Liberzon I., Overall K.L., Shear M.K., Tecott L.H., Winsky L. Summary of a National Institute of Mental Health workshop: developing animal models of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2001;Oct;157(4):327–339. doi: 10.1007/s002130100859Shekhar A., McCann U.D., Meaney M.J., Blanchard D.C., Davis M., Frey K.A., Liberzon I., Overall K.L., Shear M.K., Tecott L.H., Winsky L. Summary of a National Institute of Mental Health workshop: developing animal models of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2001;Oct;157(4):327–339. doi: 10.1007/s002130100859Shekhar A., Sajdyk T.S., Keim S.R., Yoder K.K., Sanders S.K. A role of the basolateral amygdala in panic disorder. Ann. N.-Y. Acad. Sci. 1999;Jun 29;877:747–750.Shekhar A., Sajdyk T.S., Keim S.R., Yoder K.K., Sanders S.K. A role of the basolateral amygdala in panic disorder. Ann. N.-Y. Acad. Sci. 1999;Jun 29;877:747–750.Song C., Leonard B.E. The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005;29(4–5):627–647. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.010Song C., Leonard B.E. The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005;29(4–5):627–647. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.010Barad M. Fear extinction in rodents: basic insight to clinical promise. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2005;Dec;15(6):710–715. doi: 10.1016/ j.conb.2005.10.005Barad M. Fear extinction in rodents: basic insight to clinical promise. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2005;Dec;15(6):710–715. doi: 10.1016/ j.conb.2005.10.005Chrousos G.P., Gold P.W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA. 1992;Mar 4;267(9):1244–1252.Chrousos G.P., Gold P.W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA. 1992;Mar 4;267(9):1244–1252.Отеллин В.А., Арушанян Э. Нигрострионигральная система. М., 1989.Otellin V.A., Arushanyan E. Nigrostrionigral’naya sistema M., 1989. (In Russ.).Vythilingam M., Anderson E.R., Goddard A., Woods S.W., Staib L.H., Charney D.S., Bremner J.D. Temporal lobe volume in panic disorder — a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. 2000;Aug28;99(2):75–82.Vythilingam M., Anderson E.R., Goddard A., Woods S.W., Staib L.H., Charney D.S., Bremner J.D. Temporal lobe volume in panic disorder — a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. 2000;Aug28;99(2):75–82.Amaro K., Tanikawa T., Iseki H., Notami M., Kawamura H., Kitamura K. Single neuron analysis of the human midbrain tegmentum. Rostral mecencephalic reticulotomy for pain relief. Appl. Neurophysiol. 1978;41:66–78.Amaro K., Tanikawa T., Iseki H., Notami M., Kawamura H., Kitamura K. Single neuron analysis of the human midbrain tegmentum. Rostral mecencephalic reticulotomy for pain relief. Appl. Neurophysiol. 1978;41:66–78.Bonne O., Grillon C., Vythilingam M., Neumeister A., Charney D.S. Adaptative and maladaptative psychobiological responses to severe psychological stress: implications for the discovery of novel pharmacotherapy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2004; Mar;28(1):65–94. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.001Bonne O., Grillon C., Vythilingam M., Neumeister A., Charney D.S. Adaptative and maladaptative psychobiological responses to severe psychological stress: implications for the discovery of novel pharmacotherapy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2004; Mar;28(1):65–94. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.001Сторожакова Я.А. Психовегетативные кризы и их связь с пролапсом митрального клапана (обзор литературы). «Союзмедин- форм», Экспресс-информация, серия «Терапия». М., 1990. Вып. 2.Storozhakova Ya.A. Psihovegetativnye krizy i ih svyaz’ s prolapsom mitral’nogo klapana (obzor literatury). «Soyuzmedinform», Ehkspress-informaciya, seriya «Terapiya». M., 1990. Vyp. 2. (In Russ.).Laakmann G. Psychopharmacoendocrinology and depression re- search. Berlin: Springer, 1991.Laakmann G. Psychopharmacoendocrinology and depression research. Berlin: Springer, 1991.Meltzer H.Y., Lowy M.T. The serotonin hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology: The third generation of progress. N.Y.: Raven Press, 1987:513–526.Meltzer H.Y., Lowy M. T. The serotonin hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology: The third generation of progress. N.Y.: Raven Press, 1987:513–526.Randrup A., Braestrup C. Uptake inhibition of biogenic amines by newer antidepressant drugs: relevance to the dopamine hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology. 1977;53(3):309–314.Randrup A., Braestrup C. Uptake inhibition of biogenic amines by newer antidepressant drugs: relevance to the dopamine hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology. 1977;53(3):309–314.Praag H.M. Monoamines and depression. Pharmacopsychiatria. 1969;2:151–160.Praag H.M. Monoamines and depression. Pharmacopsychiatria. 1969;2:151–160.Hales R.E., Yudofsky S.C., Talbott J.A. Textbook of Psychiatry. 3rd ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1999.Hales R.E., Yudofsky S.C., Talbott J.A. Textbook of Psychiatry. 3rd ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1999.Cloninger C.R., Zohar A.H., Hirschmann S., Dahan D. The psychological costs and benefits of being highly persistent: personality profiles distinguish mood disorders from anxiety disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2012;Feb;136(3):758–766. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.046.Cloninger C.R., Zohar A.H., Hirschmann S., Dahan D. The psychological costs and benefits of being highly persistent: personality profiles distinguish mood disorders from anxiety disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2012;Feb;136(3):758–766. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.046.Akiyoshi J. Neuropharmacological and genetic study of panic disorder. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1999;Jul;19(3):93–99.Akiyoshi J. Neuropharmacological and genetic study of panic disorder. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1999;Jul;19(3):93–99.Albert P.R., Fiori L.M. Transcriptional dys-regulation in anxiety and major depression: 5-HT1A gene promoter architecture as a therapeutic opportunity. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014;20(23):3738–3750.Albert P.R., Fiori L.M. Transcriptional dys-regulation in anxiety and major depression: 5-HT1A gene promoter architecture as a therapeutic opportunity. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014;20(23):3738–3750.Holmes A. Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2008; Sep;32(7):1293–1314. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.006Holmes A. Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2008; Sep;32(7):1293–1314. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.006Aouizerate B., Martin-Guehl C., Tignol J. Neurobiology and pharma- cotherapy of social phobia. Encephale. 2004;Jul-Aug;30(4):301–313.Aouizerate B., Martin-Guehl C., Tignol J. Neurobiology and pharma-cotherapy of social phobia. Encephale. 2004;Jul-Aug;30(4):301–313.Аведисова А.С., Захарова К.В., Марачев М.П. Эффективность вальдоксана (агомелатина) при лечении пациентов c тревожной депрессией в рамках большого депрессивного расстройства: результаты обсервационной программы «Джаз». Психиатрия и психофарм. 2009;6:15–19.Avedisova A. S., Zaharova, K. V., Marachev M. P. Effektivnost’ val’doksana (agomelatina) pri lechenii pacientov s trevozhnoj depressiej v ramkah bol’shogo depressivnogo rasstrojstva: rezul’taty observacionnoj programmy «Dzhaz». Psihiatriya i psihofarm. 2009;6:15–19. (In Russ.).Goto K. Melatonin. Nihon Rinsho. 2005;Aug;63(8):585–587.Goto K. Melatonin. Nihon Rinsho. 2005;Aug;63(8):585–587.Brewerton T.D., Lydiard R.B., Johnson M., Ballenger J.C., Fossey M.D., Zealberg J.J., Roberts J.E. CSF serotonin: diagnostic and seasonal differences. Biol. Psychiatry. 1995;37(9):655–655.Brewerton T.D., Lydiard R.B., Johnson M., Ballenger J.C., Fossey M.D., Zealberg J.J., Roberts J.E. CSF serotonin: diagnostic and seasonal differences. Biol. Psychiatry. 1995;37(9):655–655.Ашмарин И.П. Биохимия мозга: Уч. пос. / Под ред. И.П. Ашмарина, П.В. Стукалова, Н.Д. Ещенко. СПб.: Изд-во СПб. ун-та, 1999.Ashmarin I.P. Biohimiya mozga: Uch. posobie / Pod red. I.P. Ashmarina, P.V. Stukalova, N.D. Eshchenko. SPb.: Izd-vo SPb. un-ta, 1999. (In Russ.).Van Bockkstaele E.G., Bajic D., Proudfit H., Valentino R.J. Topographic architecture of stress-related pathways targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Physiol. Behav. 2001 Jun;73(3):273–283.Van Bockkstaele E.G., Bajic D., Proudfit H., Valentino R. J. Topographic architecture of stress-related pathways targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Physiol. Behav. 2001;Jun;73(3):273–283.Mitchelson F.J. The pharmacology of McN-A-343. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012;Aug;135(2):216–245. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.008Mitchelson F.J. The pharmacology of McN-A-343. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012;Aug;135(2):216–245. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.008Wall P.M., Flinn J., Messier C. Infralimbic muscarinic M1 receptors modulate anxiety-like behaviour and spontaneous working memory in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2001;Apr;155(1):58–68.Wall P.M., Flinn J., Messier C. Infralimbic muscarinic M1 receptors modulate anxiety-like behaviour and spontaneous working memory in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 2001;Apr;155(1):58–68.Picciotto M.R., Mineur Y.S. Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many faces of smoking. Neuropharmacology. 2014;Jan;76 Pt B:545–553. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.028Picciotto M. R., Mineur Y. S. Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many faces of smoking. Neuropharmacology. 2014;Jan;76 Pt B:545–553. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.028Salgado-Pineda Р., Delaveau P., Blin O., Nieoullon A. Dopaminergic contribution to the regulation of emotional perception. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2005;Sep-Oct;28(5):228–237.Salgado-Pineda Р., Delaveau P., Blin O., Nieoullon A. Dopaminergic contribution to the regulation of emotional perception. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2005;Sep-Oct;28(5):228–237.Beaulieu J.M., Gainetdinov R.R. The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 2011; Mar;63(1):182–217. doi: 10.1124/pr.110.002642Beaulieu J.M., Gainetdinov R.R. The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 2011; Mar;63(1):182–217. doi: 10.1124/pr.110.002642Alex K.D., Yavanian G.J., McFarlane H.G. Modulation of dopamine release by striatal 5-HT2C receptors. Synapse. 2005;Mar15;55(4): 242–251. doi: 10.1002/syn.20109Alex K.D., Yavanian G.J., McFarlane H.G. Modulation of dopamine release by striatal 5-HT2C receptors. Synapse. 2005;Mar15;55(4): 242–251. doi: 10.1002/syn.20109Argyropoulos S.V., Bell C.J., Nutt D.J. Brain function in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2001;Dec;24(4):707–722.Argyropoulos S.V., Bell C.J., Nutt D.J. Brain function in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2001;Dec;24(4):707–722.Яхно Н.Н., Преображенская И.С. Проноран в лечении больных с ранними стадиями болезни Паркинсона. Неврологический журнал. 2004;9(6):34–38.Yahno N.N., Preobrazhenskaya I.S. Pronoran v lechеnii bol’nyh s rannimi stadiyami bolezni Parkinsona. Nevrologicheskij zhurnal. 2004;9(6):34–38. (In Russ.).Семьянов А.В. ГАМКергическое торможение в ЦНС: типы ГАМК-рецепторов и механизмы тонического ГАМК-опосредованного тормозного действия. Нейрофизиология/ Neurophysiology. 2002;34(1):82–92.Sem’yanov, A.V. GAMK-ehrgicheskoe tormozhenie v CNS: tipy GAMK-receptorov i mekhanizmy tonicheskogo GAMK-oposredovannogo tormoznogo dejstviya. Nejrofiziologiya/Neurophysiology. 2002;34(1):82-92. (In Russ.).Смулевич А.Б., Дробижев М.Ю., Иванов С.В. Транквилизаторы — производные бензодиазепина в психиатрии и общей медицине. М.: Медиа Сфера, 1999.Smulevich A.B., Drobizhev M.Yu., Ivanov S.V. Trankvilizatory – proizvodnye benzodiazepina v psihiatrii i obshchej medicine. M.: Media Sfera, 1999. (In Russ.).Schlegel S., Steinert H., Bocksich A., Hahn K., Schloesser R., Benkert O. Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder measured by lomazenil-SPECT. A preliminary report. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1994;244(1):49–51.Schlegel S., Steinert H., Bocksich A., Hahn K., Schloesser R., Benkert O. Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder measured by lomazenil-SPECT. A preliminary report. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1994;244(1):49–51.Медведев В.Э., Фролова В.И., Епифанов А.В. Новые возможности фармакотерапии психических расстройств у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2014;9:30–37.Medvedev V.E., Frolova V.I., Epifanov A.V. Novye vozmozhnosti farmakoterapii psihicheskih rasstrojstv u pacientov s serdechno-sosudistymi zabolevaniyami. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2014;9:30–37. (In Russ.).Смулевич А.Б., Волель Б.А., Терновая Е.С., Никитина Ю.М. Применение препарата пантогам актив (D-, L-гопантеновая кислота) в терапии когнитивных и тревожных расстройств у пациентов с артериальной гипертензией. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2015;12:40–49. doi: 10.17116/ jnevro201511511240-49Smulevich A.B., Volel’ B.A., Ternovaya E.S., Nikitina Yu.M. Primenenie preparata pantogam aktiv (D-, L-gopantenovaya kislota) v terapii kognitivnyh i trevozhnyh rasstrojstv u pacientov s arterial’noj gipertenziej. Zhurnal nevrologii i psihiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2015;12:40–49. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro201511511240-49Chojnacka-Wójcik E., Kłodzinska A., Pilc A. Glutamate receptor ligands as anxiolytics. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs. 2001;Aug;2(8):1112– 1119.Chojnacka-Wójcik E., Kłodzinska A., Pilc A. Glutamate receptor li- gands as anxiolytics. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs. 2001:Aug;2(8):1112– 1119.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.