<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">psychiatry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ПСИХИАТРИЯ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-8319</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-6667</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “The Mental Health Research Centre”;   LLC «Publisher «MIA»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/2618-6667-2022-20-3-85-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">psychiatry-863</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нарушение мотивации у больных шизофренией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Motivation Disorders in Patients with Schizophrenia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-5877</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьминова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzminova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марианна Владимировна Кузьминова, кандидат медицинских наук</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marianna V. Kuzminova, Cand. of Sci. (Med.),</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuzminova-m-v@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3235-2476</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солохина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solokhina</surname><given-names>T. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Александровна Солохина, доктор медицинских наук, заведующая отделом, отдел организации психиатрических служб</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana А. Solokhina, Dr. of Sci (Med.), Head of Department, Department for Organization of PsychiatricServices</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tsolokhina@live.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5611-6868</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ночевкина</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nochevkina</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алена Игоревна Ночевкина, медицинский психолог</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena I. Nochevkina, Medical Psychologist</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aljonblcg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научный центр психического здоровья»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>FSBSI “Mental Health Research Centre”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузьминова М.В., Солохина Т.А., Ночевкина А.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузьминова М.В., Солохина Т.А., Ночевкина А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzminova M.V., Solokhina T.А., Nochevkina A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/863">https://www.journalpsychiatry.com/jour/article/view/863</self-uri><abstract><p>Обоснование: рост в последние десятилетия числа исследований нарушения мотивационной сферы у больных шизофренией свидетельствует об интересе специалистов из разных областей науки не только к теоретическому обоснованию этого явления, но также к возможности решения прикладных задач, связанных с повышением мотивации. Цель: представить обзор современных отечественных и зарубежных исследований, касающихся изучения взаимосвязи клинических, социально-психологических и нейрофизиологических факторов нарушения мотивации у больных шизофренией для анализа причин и механизмов этих нарушений.Материалы и метод: по ключевым словам «шизофрения, мотивация, амотивация», «негативные симптомы и мотивация», «мотивация и социальные факторы», «мотивация и нейробиологические аспекты» проведен поиск научных публикаций в базах MedLine/PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary, Google Scholar за последние 10 лет. Некоторые работы более раннего периода по проблемам мотивации и негативных расстройств, как правило, классиков психиатрии и психологии были найдены по релевантным ссылкам. В результате было отобрано 83 исследования, соответствующих поисковым критериям.Результаты: приведенные в обзоре данные свидетельствуют о том, что расстройства мотивации при шизофрении входят в структуру негативной симптоматики и появляются уже на продромальной стадии заболевания. Выявлены достаточно разнородные подходы к систематике негативных расстройств при шизофрении в России и за рубежом, где доминирующими являются пятифакторная, двухфакторная, а также иерархическая модель негативных симптомов при шизофрении, где пять доменов — притупление аффекта, ангедония, асоциальность, алогия и абулия (avolition) — оказываются чрезвычайно важными для диагностики и коррекции нарушений. Данные источников свидетельствуют о том, что от состояния мотивации во многом зависят прогноз и исход шизофрении, ответ на биологическую терапию и психосоциальные вмешательства. Высокий уровень мотивации является важным предиктором ремиссии шизофрении. Большинство авторов утверждают, что мотивация — как внутренняя (интринсивная), так и внешняя (экстринсивная) — является динамическим результатом взаимодействия клинических, психофизиологических, личностных и социально-средовых факторов. Преимущественное значение для больных шизофренией имеет интринсивная мотивация, высокий уровень которой формирует основу нейрокогнитивного улучшения. В обзоре затронуты вопросы нейробиологических механизмов нарушения мотивации, приводятся результаты исследований нейровизуализационных изменений.Заключение: понимание факторов влияния и причин нарушения мотивации при шизофрении дает исследователям возможность разработки эффективных стратегий повышения мотивации, улучшения прогноза шизофрении и качества жизни пациентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background: increasing the number of studies in the field of motivational disorders in patients with schizophrenia in recent decades indicates the interest of specialists in various fields of science not only in substantiating its theoretical foundations, but also in the possibility of solving applied problems related to increasing motivation.Objective: to present an overview of current domestic and foreign research on the relationship between clinical, socio-psychological, neurophysiological and other causes of motivational disorders in patients with schizophrenia in order to analyze the causes and mechanisms of motivational disorders.Materials and method: we searched the MedLine/PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary, Google Scholar databases for studies using the keywords “schizophrenia, motivation, amotivation”, “negative symptoms and motivation”, “motivation and social factors”, “motivation and neurobiological aspects” and selected scientific publications for the last 10 years. Some studies of an earlier period, usually classics of psychiatry and psychology, which also paid attention to the problems of motivation and negative disorders, were found by relevant references. 83 studies meeting the search criteria were selected.Results: the data presented in the review indicate that motivational disorders in schizophrenia are part of the structure of negative symptomatology and appear already in the prodromal stage of the disease. The authors find quite different approaches to systematization of negative symptoms in schizophrenia in Russia and abroad, where dominant are five-factor, two-factor, and hierarchical model of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, where five domains — blunting of affect, anhedonia, asociality, alogia, and avolition — are extremely important for diagnosis and correction of the disorders. Data from the literature indicate that the prognosis and outcome of schizophrenia, the response to therapy, both biological and psychosocial interventions, largely depend on the state of motivation. A high level of motivation is an important predictor of remission of schizophrenia. Most authors argue that motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is a dynamic result of the interaction of clinical, psychophysiological, personal and socio-environmental factors. Intrinsic motivation is of primary importance for patients with schizophrenia, whose high level forms the basis for neurocognitive improvement. The review touches upon the neurobiological mechanisms of motivational disorders and presents the results of neuroimaging studies of motivational disorders.Conclusion: an understanding the factors of impact and causes of impaired motivation in schizophrenia will enable researchers to develop effective strategies to improve it, which will generally improve the prognosis of schizophrenia and the quality of life of patients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>шизофрения</kwd><kwd>мотивация</kwd><kwd>амотивация</kwd><kwd>негативные симптомы и мотивация</kwd><kwd>мотивация и социальные факторы</kwd><kwd>мотивация и нейробиологические аспекты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>schizophrenia</kwd><kwd>motivation</kwd><kwd>amotivation</kwd><kwd>negative symptoms and motivation</kwd><kwd>motivation and social factors</kwd><kwd>motivation and neurobiological aspects</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schopenhauer A. Ueber die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde. Frankfurt a. M. im September 1847. [электронный ресурс] https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Ueber_die_vierfache_Wurzel_des_Satzes_vom_zureichenden_Grunde.pdf (Access date 28.12.2021)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schopenhauer A. Ueber die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde. Frankfurt a. M. im September 1847. [электронный ресурс] https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Ueber_die_vierfache_Wurzel_des_Satzes_vom_zureichenden_Grunde.pdf (Access date 28.12.2021)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хекхаузен Х. Мотивация и деятельность. 2-е изд. СПб.: Питер; М.: Смысл, 2003:860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hekkhauzen H. Motivaciya i deyatel’nost’. 2-e izd. SPb.: Piter; M.: Smysl, 2003:860. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Najas-Garcia A, Carmona VR, Gómez-Benito J. Trends in the Study of Motivation in Schizophrenia: A Bibliometric Analysis of Six Decades of Research (1956–2017). Front Psychol. 2018;9:63. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00063</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Najas-Garcia A, Carmona VR, Gómez-Benito J. Trends in the Study of Motivation in Schizophrenia: A Bibliometric Analysis of Six Decades of Research (1956–2017). Front Psychol. 2018;9:63. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00063</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marder SR, Galderisi S. The current conceptualization of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(1):14–24. doi: 10.1002/wps.20385</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marder SR, Galderisi S. The current conceptualization of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(1):14–24. doi: 10.1002/wps.20385</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fervaha G, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Motivational deficits in early schizophrenia: prevalent, persistent, and key determinants of functional outcome. Schizophr Res. 2015;166:9–16. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fervaha G, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Motivational deficits in early schizophrenia: prevalent, persistent, and key determinants of functional outcome. Schizophr Res. 2015;166:9–16. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foussias G, Siddiqui I, Fervaha G, Mann S, McDonald K, Agid O. Motivated to do well: an examination of the relationships between motivation, effort, and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2015;166:276–282. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foussias G, Siddiqui I, Fervaha G, Mann S, McDonald K, Agid O. Motivated to do well: an examination of the relationships between motivation, effort, and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2015;166:276–282. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiszdon JM, Kurtz MM, Choi J, Bell MD, Martino S. Motivational interviewing to increase cognitive rehabilitation adherence in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:327–334. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbv143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiszdon JM, Kurtz MM, Choi J, Bell MD, Martino S. Motivational interviewing to increase cognitive rehabilitation adherence in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:327–334. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbv143</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlosser DA, Campellone TR, Truong B, Etter K, Vergani S, Komaiko K, Vinogradov S. Efficacy of PRIME, a mobile app intervention designed to improve motivation in young people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;20;44(5):1010–1020. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlosser DA, Campellone TR, Truong B, Etter K, Vergani S, Komaiko K, Vinogradov S. Efficacy of PRIME, a mobile app intervention designed to improve motivation in young people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;20;44(5):1010–1020. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зейгарник БВ. Психология личности. Норма и патология. Изд-во МПСИ, 2006:416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeigarnik BV. Psychology of personality. Norm and pathology. M.: Publishing house of MPSI, 2006:416. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Критская ВП, Мелешко ТК. Патопсихология шизофрении. М.: Изд-во Института психологии РАН. 2015:389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kritskaya VP, Meleshko TK. Patopsikhologiya schizophrenii. M.: Institute of Psychology of RAN publishing house. 2015:389. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фурсов ББ. Проблема мотивации и ее нарушений при шизофрении. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2012;22(4):91–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fursov BB. A problem of motivation and its disturbances at schizophrenia. Social and clinical psychiatry. 2012;22(4):91–100. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kremen LC, Fiszdon JM, Kurtz MM, Silverstein SM, Choi J. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and learning in schizophrenia. Curr Behav Neurosci. 2016;3:144–153. doi: 10.1007/s40473-016-0078-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kremen LC, Fiszdon JM, Kurtz MM, Silverstein SM, Choi J. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and learning in schizophrenia. Curr Behav Neurosci. 2016;3:144–153. doi: 10.1007/s40473-016-0078-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reddy LF, Llerena K, Kern RS. Predictors of employment in schizophrenia: the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Schizophr Res. 2016;176:462–466. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reddy LF, Llerena K, Kern RS. Predictors of employment in schizophrenia: the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Schizophr Res. 2016;176:462–466. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.08.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barch DM, Ceaser A. Cognition in schizophrenia: core psychological and neural mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2011;16(1):27–34. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barch DM, Ceaser A. Cognition in schizophrenia: core psychological and neural mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2011;16(1):27–34. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryan RM, Deci EL. A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: the motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology. 2008;49:186–193. doi: 10.1037/a0012753</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryan RM, Deci EL. A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: the motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology. 2008;49:186–193. doi: 10.1037/a0012753</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakagami E, Hoe M, Brekke JS. The prospective relationships among intrinsic motivation, neurocognition, and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):935–948. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakagami E, Hoe M, Brekke JS. The prospective relationships among intrinsic motivation, neurocognition, and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):935–948. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silverstein SM. Bridging the gap between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in the cognitive remediation of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):949–956. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp160</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silverstein SM. Bridging the gap between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in the cognitive remediation of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):949–956. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp160</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medalia A, Brekke J. In Search of a Theoretical Structure for Understanding Motivation in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):912–918. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq073</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medalia A, Brekke J. In Search of a Theoretical Structure for Understanding Motivation in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(5):912–918. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq073</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakagami E, Xie B, Hoe M, Brekke JS. Intrinsic motivation, neurocognition, and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia: testing mediator and moderator effects. Schizophr Res. 2008;105:95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakagami E, Xie B, Hoe M, Brekke JS. Intrinsic motivation, neurocognition, and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia: testing mediator and moderator effects. Schizophr Res. 2008;105:95–104. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gard DE, Kring AM, Gard MG, Horan WP, Green MF. Anhedonia in schizophrenia: distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophr Res. 2007;93(1–3):253–260. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gard DE, Kring AM, Gard MG, Horan WP, Green MF. Anhedonia in schizophrenia: distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophr Res. 2007;93(1–3):253–260. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gard DE, Sanchez AH, Cooper K, Fisher M, Garrett C, Vinogradov S. Do people with schizophrenia have diffi- culty anticipating pleasure, engaging in effortful behavior, or both? J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123(4):771–782. doi: 10.1037/abn0000005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gard DE, Sanchez AH, Cooper K, Fisher M, Garrett C, Vinogradov S. Do people with schizophrenia have diffi- culty anticipating pleasure, engaging in effortful behavior, or both? J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123(4):771–782. doi: 10.1037/abn0000005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J, Huang J, Yang XH, Lui SS, Cheung EF, Chan RC. Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Deficits in both motivation and hedonic capacity. Schizophr Res. 2015;168(1–2):465–474. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J, Huang J, Yang XH, Lui SS, Cheung EF, Chan RC. Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Deficits in both motivation and hedonic capacity. Schizophr Res. 2015;168(1–2):465–474. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galderisi S, Mucci A, Dollfus S, Nordentoft M, Falkai P, Kaiser S, Giordano GM, Vandevelde A, Nielsen MØ, Glenthøj LB, Sabé M, Pezzella P, Bitter I, Gaebel W. EPA guidance on assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;18;64(1):e23. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galderisi S, Mucci A, Dollfus S, Nordentoft M, Falkai P, Kaiser S, Giordano GM, Vandevelde A, Nielsen MØ, Glenthøj LB, Sabé M, Pezzella P, Bitter I, Gaebel W. EPA guidance on assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;18;64(1):e23. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galderisi S, Mucci A, Buchanan RW, Arango C. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: new developments and unanswered research questions. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;;5(8):664–677. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30050-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galderisi S, Mucci A, Buchanan RW, Arango C. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: new developments and unanswered research questions. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;;5(8):664–677. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30050-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szkultecka-Dębek M, Walczak J, Augustyńska J, Miernik K, Stelmachowski J, Pieniążek I, Obrzut G, Pogroszewska A, Paulić G, Damir M, Antolić S, Tavčar R, Indrikson A, Aadamsoo K, Jankovic S, Pulay AJ, Rimay J, Varga M, Sulkova I, Veržun P. Epidemiology and Treatment Guidelines of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia in Central and Eastern Europe: A Literature Review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2015;11:158–165. doi: 10.2174/1745017901511010158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szkultecka-Dębek M, Walczak J, Augustyńska J, Miernik K, Stelmachowski J, Pieniążek I, Obrzut G, Pogroszewska A, Paulić G, Damir M, Antolić S, Tavčar R, Indrikson A, Aadamsoo K, Jankovic S, Pulay AJ, Rimay J, Varga M, Sulkova I, Veržun P. Epidemiology and Treatment Guidelines of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia in Central and Eastern Europe: A Literature Review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2015;11:158–165. doi: 10.2174/1745017901511010158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aleman A, Lincoln TM, Bruggeman R, Melle I, Arends J, Arango C. Knegtering H. Treatment of negative symptoms: where do we stand, and where do we go? Schizophr Res. 2017;186:55–62. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleman A, Lincoln TM, Bruggeman R, Melle I, Arends J, Arango C. Knegtering H. Treatment of negative symptoms: where do we stand, and where do we go? Schizophr Res. 2017;186:55–62. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bitter I, Mohr P, Raspopova N, Szulc A, Samochowiec J, Micluia IV, Skugarevsky O, Herold R, Mihaljevic-Peles A, Okribelashvili N, Dragašek J, Adomaitiene V, Rancans E, Chihai J, Maruta N, Marić NP, Milanova V, Tavčar R, Mosolov S. Assessment and Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia-A Regional Perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2022;12:820801. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.820801</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bitter I, Mohr P, Raspopova N, Szulc A, Samochowiec J, Micluia IV, Skugarevsky O, Herold R, Mihaljevic-Peles A, Okribelashvili N, Dragašek J, Adomaitiene V, Rancans E, Chihai J, Maruta N, Marić NP, Milanova V, Tavčar R, Mosolov S. Assessment and Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia-A Regional Perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2022;12:820801. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.820801</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Edinburgh: Livingstone; 1919. (In English).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Edinburgh: Livingstone; 1919. (In English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. Leipzig, Germany: Deuticke; 1911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. Leipzig, Germany: Deuticke; 1911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boydell K, Gladstone B, Volpe T. Interpreting narratives of motivation and schizophrenia: A biopsychosocial understanding. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2003;26(4):422–426. doi: 10.2975/26.2003.422.426 PMID: 12739914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boydell K, Gladstone B, Volpe T. Interpreting narratives of motivation and schizophrenia: A biopsychosocial understanding. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2003;26(4):422–426. doi: 10.2975/26.2003.422.426 PMID: 12739914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolf DH. Anhedonia in schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8(4):322–328. doi: 10.1007/s11920-006-0069-0 PMID: 16879797.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolf DH. Anhedonia in schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8(4):322–328. doi: 10.1007/s11920-006-0069-0 PMID: 16879797.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foussias G, Remington G. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: avolition and Occam’s razor. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(2):359–369. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn094</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foussias G, Remington G. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: avolition and Occam’s razor. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(2):359–369. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn094</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horan WP, Kring AM, Blanchard JJ. Anhedonia in schizophrenia: a review of assessment strategies. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:259–273. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbj009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horan WP, Kring AM, Blanchard JJ. Anhedonia in schizophrenia: a review of assessment strategies. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:259–273. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbj009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смулевич АБ, Мухорина АК, Воронова ЕИ, Романов ДВ. Современные концепции негативных расстройств при шизофрении и заболеваниях шизофренического спектра. Психиатрия. 2016;(72):5–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smulevich AB, Mukhorina AK, Voronova EI, Romanov DV. Current concepts of negative symptoms in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2016;(72):5–19. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смулевич АБ. Расстройства шизофренического спектра в общемедицинской практике. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии имени С.С. Корсакова. 2016;116(1):4–9. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2016116114-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smulevich AB. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in general medical practice. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2016;116(1):4–9. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro2016116114-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морозова МА, Рупчев ГЕ, Бурминский ДС. Динамика выраженности стойкого первичного негативного расстройства у больных приступообразной шизофренией. Психиатрия. 2015;(3):5–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morozova MA, Rupchev GE, Burminskiy DS. Сhanges in severity of enduring primary negative symptoms in patients with episodic schizophrenia. Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2015;(3):5–15. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бархатова АН. Клинико-психопатологические аспекты дефицитарных расстройств в структуре начальных этапов юношеского эндогенного психоза. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии имени С.С. Корсакова. 2015;9:8–16. doi: 10.17116/jnevro2015115918-16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barkhatova AN. Clinical and psychopathological aspects of deficit disorders in the structure of initial stages of youth-onset endogenous psychosis. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2015;9:8–16. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro2015115918-16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirschner M., Aleman A., Kaiser S. Secondary negative symptoms — A review of mechanisms, assessment and treatment. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirschner M., Aleman A., Kaiser S. Secondary negative symptoms — A review of mechanisms, assessment and treatment. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lincoln TM, Dollfus S., Lyne J. Current developments and challenges in the assessment of negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:8–18. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lincoln TM, Dollfus S., Lyne J. Current developments and challenges in the assessment of negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:8–18. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veerman SRT, Schulte PFJ, de Haan L. Treatment for Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review. Drugs. 2017;77(13):1423–1459. doi: 10.1007/s40265-017-0789-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veerman SRT, Schulte PFJ, de Haan L. Treatment for Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review. Drugs. 2017;77(13):1423–1459. doi: 10.1007/s40265-017-0789-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klaus F, Kaiser S, Kirschner M. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Ther Umsch. 2018;75(1):515–516. doi: 10.1024/0040-5930/a000966</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klaus F, Kaiser S, Kirschner M. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Ther Umsch. 2018;75(1):515–516. doi: 10.1024/0040-5930/a000966</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sicras-Mainar A, Maurino J, Ruiz-Beato E, Navarro-Artieda R. Impact of negative symptoms on healthcare resource utilization and associated costs in adult outpatients with schizophrenia: a population-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;6(14):225. doi: 10.1186/s12888-014-0225-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sicras-Mainar A, Maurino J, Ruiz-Beato E, Navarro-Artieda R. Impact of negative symptoms on healthcare resource utilization and associated costs in adult outpatients with schizophrenia: a population-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;6(14):225. doi: 10.1186/s12888-014-0225-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyne J, O’Donoghue B, Owens E, Renwick L, Madigan K, Kinsella A, Clarke M, Turner N, O’Callaghan E. Prevalence of item level negative symptoms in first episode psychosis diagnoses. Schizophr Res. 2012;135(1–3):128–133. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyne J, O’Donoghue B, Owens E, Renwick L, Madigan K, Kinsella A, Clarke M, Turner N, O’Callaghan E. Prevalence of item level negative symptoms in first episode psychosis diagnoses. Schizophr Res. 2012;135(1–3):128–133. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan RCK, Wang Ll, Lui SSY. Theories and models of negative symptoms in schizophrenia and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Psychology. 2022. doi: 10.1038/s44159-022-00065-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan RCK, Wang Ll, Lui SSY. Theories and models of negative symptoms in schizophrenia and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Psychology. 2022. doi: 10.1038/s44159-022-00065-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ассанович МВ. Психометрические характеристики и диагностические критерии 5-пунктовой шкалы оценки выраженности негативных симптомов (NSA-5 — Negative Symptoms Assessment-5) при шизофрении. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В.М. Бехтерева. 2020;(1):83–92. doi: 10.31363/2313-7053-2020-1-83-92</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assanovich MV. Psychometric properties and diagnostic criteria of Negative Symptoms Assessment-5 (NSA-5) in schizophrenia. Obozrenie psihiatrii i medicinskoj psihologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. 2020;(1):83–92. (In Russ.). doi: 10.31363/2313-7053-2020-1-83-92</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Messinger JW, Trémeau F, Antonius D, Mendelsohn E, Prudent V, Stanford AD. Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:161–168. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Messinger JW, Trémeau F, Antonius D, Mendelsohn E, Prudent V, Stanford AD. Avolition and expressive deficits capture negative symptom phenomenology: implications for DSM-5 and schizophrenia research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:161–168. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jang SK, Choi HI, Park S, Jaekal E, Lee GY, Cho YI, Choi KH. A Two-Factor Model Better Explains Heterogeneity in Negative Symptoms: Evidence from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Front Psychol. 2016;7:707. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00707 PMID: 27242619; PMCID: PMC4863882.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jang SK, Choi HI, Park S, Jaekal E, Lee GY, Cho YI, Choi KH. A Two-Factor Model Better Explains Heterogeneity in Negative Symptoms: Evidence from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Front Psychol. 2016;7:707. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00707 PMID: 27242619; PMCID: PMC4863882.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liemburg E, Castelein S, Stewart R, van der Gaag M, Aleman A, Knegtering H. Two subdomains of negative symptoms in psychotic disorders: established and confirmed in two large cohorts. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(6):718–725. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liemburg E, Castelein S, Stewart R, van der Gaag M, Aleman A, Knegtering H. Two subdomains of negative symptoms in psychotic disorders: established and confirmed in two large cohorts. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(6):718–725. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russo M, Repisti S, Blazhevska Stoilkovska B, Jerotic S, Ristic I, Mesevic Smajic E, Uka F, Arenliu A, Bajraktarov S, Dzubur Kulenovic A, Injac Stevovic L, Priebe S, Jovanovic N. Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An Unresolved Issue. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:785144. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.785144</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russo M, Repisti S, Blazhevska Stoilkovska B, Jerotic S, Ristic I, Mesevic Smajic E, Uka F, Arenliu A, Bajraktarov S, Dzubur Kulenovic A, Injac Stevovic L, Priebe S, Jovanovic N. Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An Unresolved Issue. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:785144. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.785144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaiser S, Lyne J, Agartz I, Clarke M, Mørch-Johnsen L, Faerden A. Individual negative symptoms and domains — Relevance for assessment, pathomechanisms and treatment. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:39–45. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaiser S, Lyne J, Agartz I, Clarke M, Mørch-Johnsen L, Faerden A. Individual negative symptoms and domains — Relevance for assessment, pathomechanisms and treatment. Schizophr Res. 2017;186:39–45. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirkpatrick B, Fenton WS, Carpenter WT Jr, Marder SR. The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(2):214–219. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbj053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirkpatrick B, Fenton WS, Carpenter WT Jr, Marder SR. The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(2):214–219. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbj053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foussias G, Mann S, Zakzanis KK, van Reekum R, Remington G. Motivational deficits as the central link to functioning in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Res. 2009;115:333–337. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foussias G, Mann S, Zakzanis KK, van Reekum R, Remington G. Motivational deficits as the central link to functioning in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Res. 2009;115:333–337. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green MF, Hellemann G, Horan WP, Lee J, Wynn JK. From perception to functional outcome in schizophrenia: modeling the role of ability and motivation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:1216–1224. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.652</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green MF, Hellemann G, Horan WP, Lee J, Wynn JK. From perception to functional outcome in schizophrenia: modeling the role of ability and motivation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:1216–1224. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.652</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvey PD, Strassnig M. Predicting the severity of everyday functional disability in people with schizophrenia: cognitive deficits, functional capacity, symptoms, and health status. World Psychiatry. 2012;11(2):73–79. doi: 10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvey PD, Strassnig M. Predicting the severity of everyday functional disability in people with schizophrenia: cognitive deficits, functional capacity, symptoms, and health status. World Psychiatry. 2012;11(2):73–79. doi: 10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed AO, Kirkpatrick B, Granholm E, Rowland LM, Barker PB, Gold JM, Buchanan RW, Outram T, Bernardo M, Paz García-Portilla M, Mane A, Fernandez-Egea E, Strauss GP. Two Factors, Five Factors, or Both? External Validation Studies of Negative Symptom Dimensions in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(3):620–630. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbab148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed AO, Kirkpatrick B, Granholm E, Rowland LM, Barker PB, Gold JM, Buchanan RW, Outram T, Bernardo M, Paz García-Portilla M, Mane A, Fernandez-Egea E, Strauss GP. Two Factors, Five Factors, or Both? External Validation Studies of Negative Symptom Dimensions in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(3):620–630. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbab148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gable SL, Prok T. Avoiding the pitfalls and approaching the promises of close relationships. In R.M. Ryan (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of human motivation. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press. 2012:350–361. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gable SL, Prok T. Avoiding the pitfalls and approaching the promises of close relationships. In R.M. Ryan (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of human motivation. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press. 2012:350–361. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зинчук МС, Семке АВ. Влияние негативной симптоматики на динамику социального статуса больных. Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии. 2013;4(79):34–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zinchuk MS, Semke AV. The in uence of negative symptoms on the dynamics of the social status of patients. Siberian Gerald of Psychiatry and Narcology. 2013;4(79):34–39. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fulford D, Treadway M, Woolley J. Social motivation in schizophrenia: The impact of oxytocin on vigor in the context of social and nonsocial reinforcement. J Abnormal Psychol. 2001;127(1):116–128. doi: 10.1037/abn0000320</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fulford D, Treadway M, Woolley J. Social motivation in schizophrenia: The impact of oxytocin on vigor in the context of social and nonsocial reinforcement. J Abnormal Psychol. 2001;127(1):116–128. doi: 10.1037/abn0000320</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith KS, Berridge KC. Opioid limbic circuit for reward: interaction between hedonic hotspots of nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. J Neurosci. 2007;27(7):1594–1605. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4205-06.2007 PMID: 17301168; PMCID: PMC6673729.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith KS, Berridge KC. Opioid limbic circuit for reward: interaction between hedonic hotspots of nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. J Neurosci. 2007;27(7):1594–1605. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4205-06.2007 PMID: 17301168; PMCID: PMC6673729.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamada АМ, Lee KK, Dinh TQ, Barrio C, Brekke JS. Intrinsic Motivation as a Mediator of Relationships Between Symptoms and Functioning Among Individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in a Diverse Urban Community. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198(1):28–34. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c8aa71</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada АМ, Lee KK, Dinh TQ, Barrio C, Brekke JS. Intrinsic Motivation as a Mediator of Relationships Between Symptoms and Functioning Among Individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in a Diverse Urban Community. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198(1):28–34. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c8aa71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almeida F. Crime, re-offence, and substance abuse of patients with severe mental disorder. Integr Mol Med. 2017;4(2):1–6. doi: 10.15761/IMM.1000281</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almeida F. Crime, re-offence, and substance abuse of patients with severe mental disorder. Integr Mol Med. 2017;4(2):1–6. doi: 10.15761/IMM.1000281</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S, Capitanio JP, Cole SW. The neuroendocrinology of social isolation. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:733–767. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 Epub 2014 Aug 22. PMID: 25148851; PMCID: PMC5130104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S, Capitanio JP, Cole SW. The neuroendocrinology of social isolation. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:733–767. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 Epub 2014 Aug 22. PMID: 25148851; PMCID: PMC5130104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10(2):227–237. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352 PMID: 25910392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10(2):227–237. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352 PMID: 25910392.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P, Wardle J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(15):5797–5801. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219686110 Epub 2013 Mar 25. PMID: 23530191; PMCID: PMC3625264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P, Wardle J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(15):5797–5801. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219686110 Epub 2013 Mar 25. PMID: 23530191; PMCID: PMC3625264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fulford D, Campellone T, Gard DE. Social motivation in schizophrenia: How research on basic reward processes informs and limits our understanding. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;63:122–124. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.007 Epub 2018 May 28. PMID: 29870953.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fulford D, Campellone T, Gard DE. Social motivation in schizophrenia: How research on basic reward processes informs and limits our understanding. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;63:122–124. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.007 Epub 2018 May 28. PMID: 29870953.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engel M, Fritzsche A, Lincoln TM. Anticipation and experience of emotions in patients with schizophrenia and negative symptoms. An experimental study in a social context. Schizophr Res. 2016;170(1):191–197. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engel M, Fritzsche A, Lincoln TM. Anticipation and experience of emotions in patients with schizophrenia and negative symptoms. An experimental study in a social context. Schizophr Res. 2016;170(1):191–197. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campellone TR, Kring AM. Anticipated pleasure for positive and negative social interaction outcomes in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2018;259:203–209. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campellone TR, Kring AM. Anticipated pleasure for positive and negative social interaction outcomes in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2018;259:203–209. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gold JM, Waltz JA, Prentice KJ, Morris SE, Heerey EA. Reward processing in schizophrenia: A defi- cit in the representation of value. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(5):835–847. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gold JM, Waltz JA, Prentice KJ, Morris SE, Heerey EA. Reward processing in schizophrenia: A defi- cit in the representation of value. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(5):835–847. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbn068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gard DE, Sanchez AH, Cooper K, Fisher M, Garrett C, Vinogradov S. Do people with schizophrenia have diffi-culty anticipating pleasure, engaging in effortful behavior, or both? J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123(4):771–782. doi: 10.1037/abn0000005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gard DE, Sanchez AH, Cooper K, Fisher M, Garrett C, Vinogradov S. Do people with schizophrenia have diffi-culty anticipating pleasure, engaging in effortful behavior, or both? J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123(4):771–782. doi: 10.1037/abn0000005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wynn JK, Horan WP, Kring AM, Simons RF, Green MF. Impaired anticipatory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010;77(2):141–149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.009 Epub 2010 Jun 4. PMID: 20573584; PMCID: PMC2907238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wynn JK, Horan WP, Kring AM, Simons RF, Green MF. Impaired anticipatory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol. 2010;77(2):141–149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.009 Epub 2010 Jun 4. PMID: 20573584; PMCID: PMC2907238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salamone JD, Cor rea M. The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine. Neuron. 2012;76(3):470–485. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salamone JD, Cor rea M. The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine. Neuron. 2012;76(3):470–485. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frost KH, Strauss GP. A Review of Anticipatory Pleasure in Schizophrenia. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2016;3(3):232–247. doi: 10.1007/s40473-016-0082-5 Epub 2016 Jun 30. PMID: 27980891; PMCID: PMC5152682.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frost KH, Strauss GP. A Review of Anticipatory Pleasure in Schizophrenia. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2016;3(3):232–247. doi: 10.1007/s40473-016-0082-5 Epub 2016 Jun 30. PMID: 27980891; PMCID: PMC5152682.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Botvinick M, Braver T. Motivation and cognitive control: from behavior to neural mechanism. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:83–113. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Botvinick M, Braver T. Motivation and cognitive control: from behavior to neural mechanism. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:83–113. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gradin VB, Kumar P, Waiter G, Ahearn T, Stickle C, Milders M, Steele JD. Expected value and prediction error abnormalities in depression and schizophrenia. Brain. 2011;134(6):1751–1764. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gradin VB, Kumar P, Waiter G, Ahearn T, Stickle C, Milders M, Steele JD. Expected value and prediction error abnormalities in depression and schizophrenia. Brain. 2011;134(6):1751–1764. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley ER, Brustkern J, De Coster L, Van den Bos W, McClure SM, Seitz A, Woolley JD. Victory is its own reward: oxytocin increases costly competitive behavior in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2020;50(4):674–682. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719000552</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley ER, Brustkern J, De Coster L, Van den Bos W, McClure SM, Seitz A, Woolley JD. Victory is its own reward: oxytocin increases costly competitive behavior in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2020;50(4):674–682. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719000552</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goh KK, Chen C-H, Lane H-Y. Oxytocin in Schizophrenia: Pathophysiology and Implications for Future Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(4):2146. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042146 PMID: 33670047; PMCID: PMC7926349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goh KK, Chen C-H, Lane H-Y. Oxytocin in Schizophrenia: Pathophysiology and Implications for Future Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(4):2146. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042146 PMID: 33670047; PMCID: PMC7926349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strauss GP, Keller WR, Koenig JI, Gold JM, Ossenfort KL, Buchanan RW. Plasma oxytocin levels predict olfactory identif ication and negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2015;162:57–61. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strauss GP, Keller WR, Koenig JI, Gold JM, Ossenfort KL, Buchanan RW. Plasma oxytocin levels predict olfactory identif ication and negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2015;162:57–61. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis MC, Horan WP, Marder SR. Psychopharmacology of the negative symptoms: current status and prospects for progress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(5):78 8–799. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis MC, Horan WP, Marder SR. Psychopharmacology of the negative symptoms: current status and prospects for progress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(5):78 8–799. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goff DС. D-cycloserine in schizophrenia: new strategies for improving clinical outcomes by enhancing plasticity. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(1):21–34. doi: 10.2174/1570159x14666160225154812 PMID: 26915421; PMCID: PMC5327448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goff DС. D-cycloserine in schizophrenia: new strategies for improving clinical outcomes by enhancing plasticity. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(1):21–34. doi: 10.2174/1570159x14666160225154812 PMID: 26915421; PMCID: PMC5327448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garay RP, Citrome L, Samalin L, Liu CC, Thomsen MS, Correll CU, Hameg A, Llorca PM. Therapeutic improvements expected in the near future for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an appraisal of phase III clinical trials of schizophrenia-targeted therapies as found in US and EU clinical trial registries. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(7):921–936. doi: 10.151 7/14656566.2016.1149164 Epub 2016 Feb 19. PMID: 26831200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garay RP, Citrome L, Samalin L, Liu CC, Thomsen MS, Correll CU, Hameg A, Llorca PM. Therapeutic improvements expected in the near future for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an appraisal of phase III clinical trials of schizophrenia-targeted therapies as found in US and EU clinical trial registries. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(7):921–936. doi: 10.151 7/14656566.2016.1149164 Epub 2016 Feb 19. PMID: 26831200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morin L, Franck N. Rehabilitation Interventions to Promote Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:100. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00100 PMID: 28659832; PMCID: PMC5467004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morin L, Franck N. Rehabilitation Interventions to Promote Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:100. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00100 PMID: 28659832; PMCID: PMC5467004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amado I, Sederer LI. Implementing cognitive remediation programs in France: the “secret sauce”. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(7):707–709. doi: 10.1176/appi. ps.201600033 Epub 2016 Mar 15. PMID: 26975526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amado I, Sederer LI. Implementing cognitive remediation programs in France: the “secret sauce”. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(7):707–709. doi: 10.1176/appi. ps.201600033 Epub 2016 Mar 15. PMID: 26975526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim C, Barrio C, Hernandez M, Barragán A, Brekke JS. Recovery From Schizophrenia in Community-Based Psychosocial Rehabilitat ion Settings: Rates and Predictors. Research on Social Work Pract ice. 2017;27(5):538–551. doi: 10.1177/1049731515588597</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim C, Barrio C, Hernandez M, Barragán A, Brekke JS. Recovery From Schizophrenia in Community-Based Psychosocial Rehabilitat ion Settings: Rates and Predictors. Research on Social Work Pract ice. 2017;27(5):538–551. doi: 10.1177/1049731515588597</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
