The Evolution of Views on Childhood Schizophrenia
https://doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2024-22-5-107-116
Abstract
Background: the development of views on childhood schizophrenia has more than a century of history, but is still far from complete, due to significant differences in diagnostic approaches. Objective: to analyze the evolution of views on schizophrenia in children from the prenosological stage to the present, with an emphasis on the main directions and contradictions in the study of this disease. Materials and Methods: a narrative review made up the sources available in the literature, using the combinations of keywords “childhood schizophrenia”, “early onset schizophrenia”, “schizophrenia”, “autism” in the databases Medline/PubMed, Scopus and RSCI. Conclusion: after the period of the unified essence of schizophrenia for childhood and adulthood recognition by most psychiatrists, within the framework of the concept of early dementia with specific clinical manifestations, there is a divergence of views at different age periods. Two directions in the study of childhood schizophrenia are being formed, differing in approaches to the diagnosis and interpretation of the disease in children. Currently, there is a debate about the unity of schizophrenia with a variety of its clinical manifestations in different age periods. The accumulation of research results showing the similarity of clinical manifestations, genetic changes, biological parameters and family burden in schizophrenia, schizotypal and some forms of autistic disorders create prerequisites for considering these diseases within the framework of an etiological continuum.
About the Author
A. V. Goryunov
FSBSI Mental Health Research Centre
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Alexandr V. Goryunov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, Department of child psychiatry
Moscow
References
1. Greding K.W. Greding J.E. Sämmtliche medizinische Schriften. Altenburg, 1781
2. Esquirol J.-E. Des Maladies mentales considérées sous les rapports médical, hygiénique et médico-légal. Paris, Baillaire, 1838. 940 p.
3. Griesinger W. Pathologie und Therapie der Psychischen Krankheiten. Stuttgart, 1845. 558 s.
4. Morel B. Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales. Paris, 1857.
5. Grizinger V. Dushevnye bolezni: dlia vrachei i uchashchikhsia. Sankt-Peterburg: V.O. Kovalevskii, 1881. [8], 558 s.
6. Maudsli G. Fiziologiia i patologiia dushi / per. s angl. I. Isaina. Sankt-Peterburg 1871. [2], X, 523 s.
7. de Sanctis S. Dementia praecocissima catatonica or catatonia of early childhood? [Dementia praecocissima catatonica oder Katatonie des Frühen Kindesalters? Folia Neurobiologica [In German]. 1908; 2:9–12.
8. Heller Th. Über Dementia infantilis(Verblödungsprozess im Kindesalter) Zeitschrift für die Erforschung und Behandlung des jugendlichen Schwachsinns. 1908, 2:17-28.
9. Shtromaier V. Psikhopatologiia detskogo vozrasta. Lektsii dlia vrachei i pedagogov. Per. s 3-go nem. izd. A.N. Shcheglo; Pod red. i s predisl. prof. A.S. Griboedova. Moskva; Leningrad: Gos. izd-vo, 1926. 220 s.
10. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte. Leipzig: Barth. 1899. 1002 s.
11. Raecke J. Katatonie im Kindesalter. Archiv f. Psychiatrie. 1908;45:245–279. doi: 10.1007/BF01810547
12. Bernshtein AN. Klinicheskie lektsii o dushevnykh bolezniakh / pod red. i s dop. avt. Moskva: V.M. Sablin, 1912. [8], 332 s.
13. Brezovskii M. O vliianii vozrasta zabolevaniia na iskhod pervichnykh defekt-psikhozov. Tipografiia E. Bergmana, 1909 g. 220 s. ISBN 978-5-4458-8281-7
14. Weichbrodt R. Zur Dementia praecox im Kindesalter. Archiv f. Psychiatrie. 59, 101-109 (1918). doi: 10.1007/BF02228108
15. Voigt L. Über dementia praecox im kindesalter. Z. f. d. g. Neur. u. Psych. 48, 167-234 (1919). doi: 10.1007/BF02871879
16. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Leipzig: Deuticke, 1911: 547 s.
17. Gurevich MO. Psikhopatologiia detskogo vozrasta. M.: Gosudarstvennoe meditsinskoe izdatel’stvo, 1932. 229 s.
18. Grebel’skaia ES. K klinike rannei detskoi shizofrenii. V kn.: Voprosy psikhonevrologii detei i podrostkov. M.: Gos. med. izd-vo, 1934-1936;2:78-79.
19. Maizel’ IE, Simson TP. Nervnye i psikhicheskie zabolevaniia rannego vozrasta. Moskva: Moszdravotd., 1928, 107 s.
20. Simson TP. Klinika shizofrenii rannego vozrasta. Sovetskaia psikhonevrologiia. 1932;5(VIII):65-70.
21. Simson TP, Kudriavtseva VP. Klinika shizofrenii doshkol’nogo vozrasta. Sovetskaia psikhonevrologiia. 1934;5:72-82.
22. Iudin TI. K postanovke voprosa o skhizofrenii u detei. Klinicheskaia meditsina. 1921;4:29-33.
23. Homburger A. Psychopathologie des Kindersalters. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1926. 855 s.
24. Sukhareva GE. Osobennosti struktury defekta pri razlichnykh formakh shizofrenii (na detskom i podrostkovom materiale). Nevropatologiia, psikhiatriia i gigiena. 1935;IV(11):57-62.
25. Smith MH. Schizophrenia in Children. (Amer. Journ. Psychiat., vol. xii, May, 1933.) Potter, H. W. Journal of Mental Science. 1933;79(326):539-539. doi: 10.1192/bjp.79.326.539-b
26. Mayer-Gross W. Handbuch fur Psychiatrie. 1932. 27. Michaux L. Psychiatrie infantilie avec la collaboration de Gallot H.M., Brisset Ch., SherrerJ. Buge A., Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1953. 240 p.
27. Duranton P. La schizophrénie infantile Thèse pour le doctorat en méd. (diplôme d’État). Paris: Libr. Arnette, 1956. 140 p.
28. Scarunci A. Betrachtungen cinige psychopatologische Zuge der beginnenden Schizophrenie. Acta Paedepsychiat. 1962;29(3):65-67.
29. Duché D-J. Pre ́cis de psychiatrie de l’enfant. PUF. 1976, 167 p.
30. Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Acta Paedopsychiatr. 1968;35(4):100-136. PMID: 4880460.
31. Pina-Camacho L, Parellada M, Kyriakopoulos M. Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: Boundaries and uncertainties. BJPsych Advances. 2016, 22(5):316–324. doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.115.014720
32. Kolvin I, Ounsted C, Humphrey M, McNay A. Studies in the childhood psychoses. II. The phenomenology of childhood psychoses. Br J Psychiatry. 1971;118(545):385–395. doi: 10.1192/bjp.118.545.385. PMID: 5576636.
33. Rutter M. Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered. J Autism Child Schizophr. 1972 Oct-Dec;2(4):315-337. doi: 10.1007/BF01537622. PMID: 4581613.
34. Ssucharewa, G. Über den Verlauf der Schizophrenien im Kindesalter. Z. f. d. g. Neur. u. Psych. 142, 309-321 (1932). doi: 10.1007/BF02866138
35. Suhareva GE. To the problem of defects in mild forms of schizophrenia. Sovetskaya nevropatologiya, psihiatriya i psihogigiena. 1933;II(5):28-34. (In Russ.).
36. Simson TP. Shizofreniya rannego detskogo vozrasta. Moskva: Akad. med. nauk SSSR. 136 c.
37. Simson TP, Deglin VIa, Korganova AN. K klinike pervykh proiavlenii shizofrenicheskogo protsessa u detei i podrostkov. V sb.: Nachal’nye stadii psikhicheskikh zabolevanii. Moskva, 1959;45-55.
38. Sukhareva GE. Klinicheskie lektsii po psikhiatrii detskogo vozrasta. Moskva: Medgiz, 1955-1965. T. 1. 458 s.
39. Vrono MSh. Detskaia shizofreniia i dizontogenez (klinicheskii aspekt). V kn.: Problemy shizofrenii detskogo i podrostkovogo vozrasta. M.: VNTsPZ, 1986:3-13.
40. Kozlova IA. O formakh techeniia rannei detskoi shizofrenii. Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 1967;(10):1516-1520. (In Russ.).
41. Kozlova IA, Trubnikov VI, Piatnitskaia LN, Kharlamov DA. Sootnoshenie endogennykh i ekzogennykh faktorov v formoobrazovanii detskoi shizofrenii [Correlations between endogenous and exogenous factors in the development of childhood schizophrenia]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1987;87(10):1504-1507. Russian. PMID: 3425053.
42. Chekhova AN. Techenie shizofrenicheskogo protsessa, nachavshegosia v detskom vozraste. Moskva: Medgiz, 1963. 136 s.
43. Bashina VM, Simashkova NV. Sistematika form techenia detskoi shizofrenii v svete otdalennogo katamneza [Classification of the course of childhood schizophrenia in the light of long-term follow-up]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1989;89(8):69-75. Russian. PMID: 2588903.
44. Bashina VM. Ranniaia detskaia shizofreniia (statika i dinamika). Moskva: Meditsina, 1980. 248 s.
45. Bender L. Genesis in schizophrenia during childhood. Z Kinderpsychiatr. 1958;25(1-2):101-107. PMID: 24544880.
46. Bender L. The concept of plasticity in childhood schizophrenia. Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc. 1966;54:354-365. PMID: 5951925.
47. Fisch B, Shapiro T, Campbell M, Wile R. A classification of schizophrenic children under five years. Am J Psychiatry. 1968;124(10):1415-1423. doi: 10.1176/ajp.124.10.1415
48. Fish B, Ritvo E. Psychoses of childhood. In: Noshpitz JD, Berlin I, eds. Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: BasicBooks; 1979:249-304.
49. ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision 1992. World Health Organization, https://icd.who.int/en
50. Psikhicheskie rasstroistva i rasstroistva povedeniia (F00-F99). (Klass V MKB-10, adaptirovannyi dlia ispol’zovaniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii) / pod obshch. red. B.A. Kazakovtseva, V.B. Gollanda. M.: Minzdrav Rossii, 1998. 512 s.
51. Problemy shizofrenii detskogo i podrostkovogo vozrasta: sbornik nauchnykh trudov / pod red. M.Sh. Vrono. Moskva: VNTsPZ, 1986. 174 s.
52. Kozlova IA, Bashina VM. Classification of children’s schizophrenia and pervasive disorders. Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2005;18(06):7-17.
53. Kozlova IA. The current state of childhood schizophrenia conception. Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2008;(3):7-12.
54. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Ross DE, Carpenter WT Jr. A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58(2):165-171. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.2.165. PMID: 11177118.
55. Galderisi S, Bucci P, Mucci A, Kirkpatrick B, Pini S, Rossi A, Vita A, Maj M. Categorical and dimensional approaches to negative symptoms of schizophrenia: focus on long-term stability and functional outcome. Schizophr Res. 2013;147(1):157-162. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.03.020
56. Mucci A, Merlotti E, Üçok A, Aleman A, Galderisi S. Primary and persistent negative symptoms: concepts, assessments and neurobiological bases. Schizophr Res. 2016;19-28. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.014
57. Smulevich AB, Dubnitskaia ÉB, Lobanova VM, Voronova EI, Zhylin VO, Koliutskaia EV, Samoilova ED, Sorokina OYu. Personality disorders and schizophrenic defect (problem of comorbidity). S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2018;118(11):4-14. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro20181181114I
58. ICD-11: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 11th Revision 2021, World Health Organization.
59. Kendhari J, Shankar R, Young-Walker L. A Review of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2016;14(3):328–332. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.20160007. Epub 2016 Jul 8. PMID: 31975813; PMCID: PMC6526799.
60. Alkelai A, Greenbaum L, Shohat S, Povysil G, Malakar A, Ren Z, Motelow JE, Schechter T, Draiman B, Chitrit-Raveh E, Hughes D, Jobanputra V, Shifman S, Goldstein DB, Kohn Y. Genetic insights into childhood-onset schizophrenia: The yield of clinical exome sequencing. Schizophr Res. 2023; 252:138-145. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.033. Epub 2023 Jan 14. PMID: 36645932.
61. Makushkin EV, Simashkova NV, Goryunov AV et al. [Schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence]. Rossiiskii psikhiatricheskii zhurnal [Russian Journal of Psychiatry]. 2016;(6):62-81. Russian.
62. Goriunov AV, Barkhatova AN. Shizofreniia v detskom, podrostkovom i iunosheskom vozraste. Glava v monografii «Shizofreniia i rasstroistva shizofrenicheskogo spektra» / red. akad. A.B. Smulevich. M.: ID “Gorodets”, 2024;200-228.
63. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA, 5th edition, 2013.
64. Lin A, Wardenaar KJ, Pontillo M, De Crescenzo F, Mazzone L, Vicari S, Wood SJ, Beavan A, Armando M. Is it still correct to differentiate between early and very early onset psychosis? Schizophr Res. 2016;170(1):211-216. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.020. Epub 2015 Nov 27. PMID: 26639553.
65. Pontillo M, Averna R, Tata MC, Chieppa F, Pucciarini ML, Vicari S. Neurodevelopmental Trajectories and Clinical Profiles in a Sample of Children and Adolescents with Early- and Very-Early-Onset Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:662093. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.662093. PMID: 34603093; PMCID: PMC8481627.
66. Slomiak S., Matalon D., Roth L. Very Early-Onset Schizophrenia in a Six-Year-Old Boy. The American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal. 2017 Publication date: 01 February 2017 9-11. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajprj.2017.120204
67. Di Luzio M, Guerrera S, Pontillo M, Lala M, Casula L, Valeri G, Vicari S. Autism spectrum disorder, very-early onset schizophrenia, and child disintegrative disorder: the challenge of diagnosis. A case-report study. Front Psychiatry. 2023:14:1212687. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1212687
68. Ivanets NN, Efremova EN. Psychopathological features of affective disorders in schizotypal disorder. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2018;118(6):4-9. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro2018118614
69. Mazaeva NA. The precursors of schizophrenia: a view on the problem. Psychiatry and psychopharmacotherapy. Gannushkin Journal. 2020;3(22):4–16.
70. Goryunov AV, Zvereva NV, Simonov AN, Kaleda VG. Clinical features of schizotypal disorder in childhood and adolescence. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2022;122(9-2):5-13. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro20221220925
71. Esterberg ML, Goulding SM, Walker EF. Cluster A Personality Disorders: Schizotypal, Schizoid and Paranoid Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2010;32(4):515-528. doi: 10.1007/s10862-010-9183-8. PMID: 21116455; PMCID: PMC2992453.
72. Wong K., Ka-Yee, Raine A. Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Еds.: Bernardo J. Carducci, Christopher S. Nave, Jeffrey S. Mio, Ronald E. Riggio. 2020. doi: 10.1002/9781118970843.ch283
73. McClure MM, Harvey PD, Bowie CR, Iacoviello B, Siever LJ. Functional outcomes, functional capacity, and cognitive impairment in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res. 2013;144(1-3):146-150. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.012. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PMID: 23375943; PMCID: PMC3572293.
74. Horton LE, Tarbox SI, Olino TM, Haas GL. Trajectories of premorbid childhood and adolescent functioning in schizophrenia-spectrum psychoses: A first-episode study. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227(2-3):339-346. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.013. Epub 2015 Mar 2. PMID: 25829134; PMCID: PMC4430364.
75. Driver DI, Gogtay N, Rapoport JL. Childhood onset schizophrenia and early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2013;22(4):539-555. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2013.04.001. Epub 2013 Jun 18. PMID: 24012072; PMCID: PMC3771646.
76. Shorter E, Wachtel LE. Childhood catatonia, autism and psychosis past and present: is there an “iron triangle”? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;128(1):21–33. doi: 10.1111/acps.12082. Epub 2013 Jan 27. PMID: 23350770; PMCID: PMC3714300.
77. Goryunov AV. Controversial issues of diagnosis and theoretical concepts of schizophrenia in childhood. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2024;124(7):17-24. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17116/jnevro202412407117
78. Cheung C, Yu K, Fung G, Leung M, Wong C, Li Q, Sham P, Chua S, McAlonan G. Autistic disorders and schizophrenia: related or remote? An anatomical likelihood estimation. PLoS One. 2010 Aug 18;5(8):e12233. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012233. PMID: 20805880; PMCID: PMC2923607.
79. Lenzenweger M. F. Schizotypy, schizotypic psychopathology and schizophrenia. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(1):25-26. doi: 10.1002/wps.20479.
Review
For citations:
Goryunov A.V. The Evolution of Views on Childhood Schizophrenia. Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2024;22(5):107-116. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2024-22-5-107-116
Views:
231
Email this article 
