Терапия кататонии в клиническом пространстве шизофрении и расстройств шизофренического спектра

Обоснование: аспекты изучения методов лечения кататонии в настоящее время являются одной из наиболее актуальных задач современных исследований, однако единых терапевтических стратегий в отношении купирования кататонических феноменов до настоящего времени не разработано.
Цель работы: обзор методов терапевтических интервенций в отношении кататонических расстройств при шизофрении.
Материалы и методы: по ключевым словам «лечение кататонии», «терапия кататонии» были отобраны и проанализированы публикации, найденные в базах данных Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, eLibrary.
Результаты: историческая справка иллюстрирует развитие методик лечения кататонии. Результаты научных работ последних десятилетий, посвященных терапии кататонических феноменов, дополнены предварительными результатами собственного исследования эффективности применения диазепама и карипразина для купирования проявлений кататонии. Результаты обзора научных публикаций позволяют заключить, что в настоящее время наиболее распространенным методом лечения кататонических расстройств является применение препаратов бензодиазепинового ряда, однако в отдельных случаях признается целесообразным использование антипсихотиков. Важным методом лечения кататонических состояний остается электросудорожная терапия (ЭСТ). Кроме того, в литературе встречаются и единичные клинические случаи успешного испытания как других фармакологических групп (антидепрессантов, дофаминергических и антихолинергических средств, нормотимических препаратов и др.), так и немедикаментозных интервенций (транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция, ТМС).
Выводы: эффективность бензодиазепинов для купирования кататонии, возникающей в структуре шизофрении и расстройств шизофренического спектра (РШС), современными авторами признается спорной. В свою очередь, среди антипсихотиков безопасными для лечения психомоторной симптоматики представляются нейролептики второго и третьего поколения. В соответствии с результатами собственного исследования, кататония в структуре шизофрении и РШС неоднородна. В зависимости от психопатологической структуры кататонических расстройств наблюдается различный ответ психомоторных симптомов на терапевтическое вмешательство.

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