МикроРНК как потенциальные биомаркеры психических расстройств: диагностическое и прогностическое значение

Обоснование: микроРНК – малые некодирующие молекулы РНК, играющие важнейшую роль в посттранскрипционной регуляции экспрессии генов. Исследования указывают на участие микроРНК в патогенезе различных психических расстройств, что позволяет рассматривать их в качестве возможных диагностических биомаркеров и терапевтических мишеней.

Цель обзора литературы – провести анализ современных исследований, посвященных участию микроРНК в формировании психических расстройств с акцентом на их потенциал в качестве диагностических и прогностических биомаркеров.

Материалы и методы: для поиска релевантных публикаций был проведен поиск в базах еLibrary и PubMed с использованием следующих ключевых слов и терминов: «микроРНК», «психические расстройства», «психологический статус», «биомаркеры», «диагностика», «прогнозирование».

Заключение: многочисленные исследования свидетельствуют о том, что микроРНК участвуют в регуляции важнейших молекулярных путей, связанных с психическими расстройствами, включая нейротрансмиссию, нейроразвитие и синаптическую пластичность. Дерегуляция определенных микроРНК наблюдается при различных психических заболеваниях, таких как большое депрессивное расстройство, шизофрения, биполярное расстройство, тревожные расстройства, расстройства аутистического спектра, синдром дефицита внимания/гиперактивности и аддиктивные расстройства. Показано, что микроРНК обладают высоким потенциалом для использования в качестве диагностических биомаркеров, что открывает возможности раннего выявления и персонализированных стратегий лечения. Однако остается ряд проблем, включая различия в уровне и профиле экспрессии микроРНК, обусловленных гетерогенностью психических расстройств, необходимость стандартизации протоколов анализа микроРНК и их дальнейшей валидации в ходе масштабных исследований на различных группах пациентов. Таким образом, изучение микроРНК при психических расстройствах представляет собой перспективное направление для углубления понимания молекулярных основ этих заболеваний.

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