To the History of Scientific Concepts of the XIX Century Domestic Psychiatry: P.A. Butkovskiy’s Textbook
https://doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2023-21-3-79-89
Abstract
Background: the elaboration of problems of clinical psychiatry in Russia had already begun in the end of the XVIII — beginning of the XIX centuries by professors of internal medicine and of other branches of medical academic institutions, and from the thirties years of XIX century gradually moved to the hands of the doctors who were specialized in psychiatry (V.F. Sabler, A.I. Gerzog, I.F. Rjul, I.P. Malinovskiy and others).
The aim was to analyze the history of the formation of scientific concepts in Russian psychiatry in comparison with the relevant German and French psychiatric concepts at that time.
Method: narrative review.
Conclusion: the author of the first domestic textbook of psychiatry “Diseases of the soul” (1834) was Professor of department of surgery and mental diseases of Kharkov’s University P.A. Butkovskiy. Creating his textbook P.A. Butkovskiy grounded on the textbook of one of the founders of german “school of psychics” J.Ch. Heinroth (1818) and took as a basis of classification of mental diseases Heinroth’s systematics. The forms of mental diseases according to P.A. Butkovskiy and J.Ch. Heinroth were distinguished by two principal signs: predomination of affection of the one among three areas of psyche: imagination, intellect and volition, and due to the changes in its functions: amplification or weakening. Wherein P.A. Butkovskiy connected with the affection of the brain only the group of “paranoiс” diseases (general paranoia, ecnoia, paraphrosyne, moria) and acquired stupidity (anoia) that were explained by exaggeration or weakening of the brain functioning respectively. P.A. Butkovskiy also introduced in Russian psychiatry the notion of “dynamics” and “psychosomatic” that were borrowed from J.Ch. Heinroth, and the concept of “general feeling” (coenesthesis) of J. Reil. The forms of mental disorders distinguished by J.Ch. Heinroth represented the next progressive step in the differentiation of syndrome pictures of mental diseases (but not in psychiatric nosology as the author considered), and the fact that P.A. Butkovskiy, the author of the first Russian Textbook on Psychiatry, created the similar systematics on the same principles, contributed to the building of mutual understanding between national psychiatric schools that were in the process of being formed.
About the Author
N. Yu. Pyatnitskiy
FSBSI “Mental Health Research Centre”
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nikolay Yu. Pyatnitskiy, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, Medical Psychology Department
Moscow
References
1. Korsakov SS. Course of Psychiatry. Moskva: Tipolitografija TovarishhestvaI.N. Kushnerev i Ko., 1893. (In Russ.).
2. Korsakov SS. Course of Psychiatry. Izdanie vtoroe (posmertnoe), pererabotannoe avtorom [Second edition (posthumous), revised by the author]. (Pod redakciej kommissii Obshhestva Nevropatologov i Psihiatrov, sostojashhego pri imperatorskom Moskovskom Universitete). V 2 t. Moskva: Tipo-litografija V. Rihter, 1901. (In Russ.).
3. Gurevich MO, Serejskij MJa. Textbook of Psychiatry. Izdanie pjatoe, znachitel’no pererabotannoe [Fifth edition, revised]. Moskva: Medgiz [Publishing House of medical literature], 1946. (In Russ.).
4. Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii [Guide to Psychiatry] (pod red. A.V. Snezhnevskogo): v 2 t. Moskva: Medicina, 1963. (In Russ.).
5. Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii [Guide to Psychiatry] (pod red. A.S. Tiganova). V 2 t. Moskva: Medicina, 1999. (In Russ.).
6. Giljarovskij VA. Psihiatrija. Rukovodstvo dlja vrachej. Chetvertoe izdanie, ispravlennoe i dopolnennoe [Psychiatry. Guide for the medical practitioners. Fourth edition, corrected and supplemented] Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo medicinskoj literatury Medgiz [State Publishing House of medical literature], 1954. (In Russ.).
7. Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii [Guide to Psychiatry] (pod red. G.V. Morozova). V 2 t. Moskva: Medicina, 1988. (In Russ.).
8. Cygankov BD, Ovsjannikov SA. Psihiatrija. Rukovodstvo dlja vrachej [Psychiatry. Guide for medical practitioners]. Moskva: Geotar-Media, 2011. (In Russ.).
9. Psihiatrija. Nacional’noe Rukovodstvo [Psychiatry. National Guide] (pod red. Ju.A. Aleksandrovskogo, N.G. Neznanova). 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. Moskva: Geotar-Media, 2018. (In Russ.).
10. Psihiatrija. Uchebnik [Psychiatry. Textbook] (pod red. V.K. Shamreja, A.A. Marchenko). Sankt-Peterburg: SpecLit, 2019. (In Russ.)
11. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein kurzes Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte. Vierte, voelligumgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Verlag von Ambr. Abel. (Arthur Meiner), 1893.
12. Kraepelin E. (Krepelin E.) Psihiatrija. Uchebnik dlja studentov i vrachej [Psychiatry. Textbook for students and medical doctors]. Perevod vrachej bol’nicy Sv. Nikolaja Chudotvorca M.V. Ignat’eva, L.G. Orshanskogo, P.I. Pavlovskogo, G.S. Sarachova, N.A. Sokal’skogo, M.L. Fal’ka i L.O. Finkel’shtejna s soglasija i s predisloviem avtora s nemeckogo pjatogo, sovershenno pererabotannogo izdanija (1896). Chast’ pervaja, Chast’ vtoraja. Peterburg: Gosudarstvennaja Tipografija, 1898. (In Russ.).
13. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch fuer Studierende und Aerzte. Achte, vollstaendig umgearbeitete Auflage. I. Band. Allgemeine Psychiatrie. Mit 88 Abbildungen und einer Einschalttafel. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1909.
14. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch fuer Studierende und Aerzte. Achte, vollstaendig umgearbeitete Auflage. II. Band. Klinische Psychiatrie. I. Teil. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1910;I– XIV:666.
15. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch fuer Studierende und Aerzte. III Band. Klinische Psychiatrie. II. Teil. Achte, vollstaendig umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1913:667–1395.
16. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch fuer Studierende und Aerzte. Achte, vollstaendig umgearbeitete Auflage. IV Band. Klinische Psychiatrie. III. Teil. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1915:1397–2340.
17. Bleuler E. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1916.
18. Bleuler E. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Dritte Auflage. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1920.
19. Dagonet H, Dagonet J, Duhamel G. Traite des maladies mentales. Paris: Librairie J.-B. Bailliere et fils, 1894.
20. Traité de la pathologie mentale (sous la direction de G. Ballet). Paris: Octave Doin, Editeur, 1903.
21. Regis E Precis de Psychiatrie. Cinqueme edition, Entierement revue et corrigee. Paris: Octav Doin et fils, Editeurs, 1914.
22. EyH, BernardP, Brisset Ph. Manuel de Psychiatrie. 6e edition, revue et corrigee. Paris; Milan; Barcelona; Mexico: Masson, 1989.
23. Kannabih JuV. Istorija psihiatrii [History of Psychiatry]. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe medicinskoe izdatel’stvo [State Publishing House], 1928. (In Russ.).
24. Morozov VM. P.B. Gannushkin (k 20-letiju so dnja smerti) (1953). V kn.: Morozov VM. Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Moskva: Media Medika, 2007:189– 199. (In Russ.).
25. Morozov VM. O kliniko-nozologicheskom napravlenii v psihiatrii [About clinical-nosological direction in psychiatry] (1961). V kn.: MorozovVM. Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Moskva: Media Medika, 2007:7–44. (In Russ.).
26. Morozov VM. Evoljucionnoe napravlenie v psihiatrii [Evolutional direction in psychiatry] (1961). V kn.: Morozov VM. Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Moskva: Media Medika, 2007:45–72. (In Russ.).
27. Morozov VM, Ovsjannikov SA. Istoki klassifikacij i nozologicheskaja sistematika psihiatrii XVIII veka [The origins of classification and nosological taxonomy in psychiatry of the XVIII century] (1988). V kn.: Morozov VM. Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Moskva: Media Medika, 2007:169-178. (In Russ.).
28. Morozov VM, Ovsjannikov S.A. Zhan Fransua Fernel’ kak uchenyj i vrach jepohi Vozrozhdenija i ego mesto v istorii psihiatrii [Jean-Francois Fernel as a scientist and medical doctor of Renaissance and his place in the history of psychiatry] (1989). V kn.: Morozov VM. Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Moskva: Media Medika, 2007:179–187. (In Russ.).
29. Nadzharov RA, Shevchik G. Osnovnye napravlenija v psihiatrii: kratkij istoricheskij ocherk [The basic directions in psychiatry: short historical essay]. V kn.: Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii [Guide to psychiatry] (pod red. G.V. Morozova): v 2 t. Tom I. Moskva: Medicina, 1988:24–51. (In Russ.).
30. Nadzharov RA. Istorija razvitija uchenija o shizofrenii [The history of development of schizophrenia’s doctrine]. V kn.: Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii [Guide to psychiatry] (pod red. A.V. Snezhnevskogo): v 2 t. Tom I. Moskva: Medicina, 1963:300–303. (In Russ.).
31. Kerbikov OV. Ocherk razvitija uchenija o psihopatijah v XIX stoletii [An essay about the development of psychopathies doctrine in the XIX century] (1958). In: Kerbikov OV. Izbrannye trudy [Selected works]. Moscow: Medicine, 1971:60–74. (In Russ.).
32. Kerbikov OV. Uchenie o psihopatijah v rabotah P.B. Gannushkina [Doctrine of psychopathies in P.B. Gannushkin’s works] (1958). In: Kerbikov OV. Izbrannye trudy [Selected works]. Moscow: Medicine, 1971:74–83. (In Russ.).
33. OvsjannikovSA. Istorija i jepistemologija pogranichnoj psihiatrii [History and epistemology of borderline Psychiatry]. Moskva: Al’pari, 1995. (In Russ.).
34. Morozov PV, Bekker RA, Bykov JuV. Titany psihiatrii XX stoletija [Titans of psychiatry of the XX century]. Moskva: Izdatel’skij dom “Gorodec”, 2020. (In Russ.).
35. Bekker RA, Bykov JuV, Morozov PV. Vydajushhiesja psihiatry XX veka [The prominent psychiatrists of the XX century]. Moskva: Izdatel’skij dom “Gorodec”, 2018. (In Russ.).
36. Judin TI. Ocherki istorii otechestvennoj psihiatri [Essays on the history of domestic psychiatry] (pod red. B.D. Petrova). Moskva: Medgiz [State Publishing House of medical literature], 1951. (In Russ.).
37. FedotovDD. Ocherki po istorii otechestvennoj psihiatrii [Essays on the history of domestic psychiatry]. Moskva: Centr tipografii MO SSSR im. K.E. Voroshilova, 1957. (In Russ.).
38. Sirotkina I. Diagnosing Literary Genius. A Cultural History Psychiatry in Russia, 1880–1930. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 2002.
39. Merzheevskiy IP. Pamjati I.M. Balinskogo. Slovo, proiznesennoe v zasedanii S.-Peterburgskogo psihiatricheskogo obshhestva 6 aprelja 1902 g. [In memory of I.M. Balinskiy. Word, spoken in the session of Peterburg Psychiatric Society on the 6th April 1902. V kn.: Ivan Mihajlovich Balinskiy, otec russkoj psihiatrii po vospominanijam ego uchenikov [Ivan Mihajlovich Balinskiy, the Father of Russian psychiatry, according to memoirs of his pupils]. Kiev: Lito-Tipografija T-va I.N. Kushnerev i K (Kievskoe otdelenie), 1902:3–15. (In Russ.).
40. Pyatnitskiy NJu. Pamjati professora D.D. Fedotova [In memory of Professor D.D. Fedotov]. V kn.: 75 let Nauchnomu centru psihicheskogo zdorov’ja [75-th anniversary of Scientific centre of mental health] (pod red. T.P. Kljushnik, V.G. Kaleda). Moskva: FGBNU NCPZ, 2015:203–209. (In Russ.).
41. Butkovskiy P. Dushevnyja bolezni, izlozhennyja soobrazno nachalam nyneshnjago uchenija psihiatrii v obshhem i chastnom, teoreticheskom i prakticheskom soderzhanii. Chast’ pervaja [Diseases of the soul, outlined according to the sources of contemporary psychiatry doctrine in general and in particular, theoretical and practical content. First part]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografija I. Glazunova, 1834. (In Russ.).
42. Butkovskiy P. Dushevnyja bolezni, izlozhennyja soobrazno nachalam nyneshnjago uchenija psihiatrii v obshhem i chastnom, teoreticheskom i prakticheskom soderzhanii. Chast’ vtoraja, soderzhashhaja opisanie boleznej v osobennosti [Diseases of the soul, outlined according to the sources of contemporary psychiatry doctrine in general and in particular, theoretical and practical content. Second part, containing the description of the diseases in particular]. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografija I. Glazunova, 1834. (In Russ.).
43. Malinovskiy PP. Pomeshatel’stvo, opisannoe tak, kak ono javljaetsja vrachu v praktike [The insanity, described as it is presented to a doctor in his practice]. (1847). Moskva: Medgiz, 1960. (In Russ.).
44. Timofeev NN. Ivan Mihajlovich Balinskiy. V kn.: Balinskiy IM. Lekcii po psihiatrii [Lectures on Psychiatry] (pod red. N.I. Bondareva i N.N. Timofeeva). (1859). Leningrad: Medgiz [State Publishing House of medical literature], Leningradskoe otdelenie, 1958:3–37. (In Russ.).
45. Balinskiy IM. Lekcii po psihiatrii [Lectures on psychiatry] (pod red. N.I. Bondareva i N.N. Timofeeva). (1859). Leningrad: Medgiz [State Publishing House of medical literature], Leningradskoe otdelenie, 1958. (In Russ.).
46. Dvirsky AE. The founder of psychiatry in Russia P.A. Butkovsky and his manual “Mental diseases...” (1834). Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2015;4(68):90–96. (In Russ.).
47. Dvirskij AE, Janovskij SS. P.A. Butkovskiy — osnovopolozhnik psihiatrii slavjanskih stran i ego “Dushevnye bolezni” [P.A. Butkovskiy as a founder of the psychiatry of Slavic countries and his “Diseases of the soul”. Simferopol’: Tavrija, 2001. (In Russ.).
48. Heinroth JChA. Lehrbuch der Stöerungen des Seelenlebens oder der Seelenstöerungen uns ihrer Behandlung. Vom rationalen Stadtpunkt aus entworfen. Zwei Theile. Leipzig: bey Fr. Chr. Wilh. Vogel, 1818.
49. Esquirol J-È. Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie der Seelenstoerumgen. Frei bearbeitet von Karl Christian Hille nebst einem Anhange kritischer und erlaeuternder Zusaege von J.C.A. Heinroth. Leipzig: bei E.H.F. Hartmann, 1827.
50. Platon [Plato]. Gosudarstvo [Repiblic] (per. A.N. Egunova). V kn.: Platon. Sobranie sochinenij v chetyreh tomah (obshhaja redakcija A.F. Loseva, V.F. Asmusa, A.A. Taho-Godi). T. 3. Moskva: Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Filosofii, Izdatel’stvo “Mysl’”, 1994:79–420. (In Russ.).
51. Platon [Plato]. Timej [Timaeus] (per. S.S. Averinceva). V kn.: Platon [Plato]. Sobranie sochinenij v chetyreh tomah (obshhaja redakcija A.F. Loseva, V.F.Asmusa, A.A.Taho-Godi). Tom 3. Moskva: Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Institut Filosofii, Izdatel’stvo “Mysl’”, 1994:421–500. (In Russ.).
52. Galen. Que les moeurs de l’ame sont la consequence des temperaments du corps. Dans: Oeuvres anatomiques, physiologiques et médicales de Galien: traduites sur les textes imprimés et manuscrits: accompagnées de sommaires, de notes, de planches et d’une table des matières: précédées d’une introduction ou étude biographique, littéraire et scientifique sur Galien par le Dr. Ch. Daremberg. Tome Premier. A Paris: Chez J.B. Bailliere, 1854:47–110.
53. MacLean PD. A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behaviour. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973.
54. Stevens A, Price J. Evolutionary Psychiatry. A new beginning. Second Edition. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.
55. StahlGE. De Motu Tonico Vitali, etc. (1692–1702 in Latin, Halle) Du mouvement tonique vital et du mouvement particulier du sang qui en provient. Dissertation epistolaire (avec commentaire) Argument et Notes du Traducteur, le Dr Th. Blondin. Dans: Oeuvres médico-philosophiques et pratiques de G.E. Stahl. Traduites et commentes par T. Blondin. Tome VI. Paris: J.B. Bailliere et fils, Libraires de l’Académe imperial de Médicine, 1864:475–548.
56. Pyatnitskiy NYu. To the origins of the notion of reflex in medicine: “vitalism” and “prototypical proportions” of temperaments in G.E. Stahl’s concept. Psikhicheskoye Zdorovie [Mental Health]. 2021;(8):50– 61. (In Russ.). doi:10.25557/2074-014X.2021.08.50-61
57. Reil JCh. Rhapsodieen über die Anwendung der psychischen Curmethode. Halle: In den Curtschen Buchhandlung, 1803.
58. CrichtonA. An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement. Comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and the history of the passions and their effects. VolumeI. London: Printed for T. Cadell, Junior, and W. Davies, in the Strand, 1798:110–116.
59. Pyatnitskiy NYu. To the Delineation of “Depersonalization Allied” Phenomena: J. Reil’s and E.vonFeuchtersleben’s Concepts of “General Feeling” (Coenaesthesis). Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2021;19(3):100–112. (In Russ.). doi: 10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-3-100-112
60. GannushkinPB. Klinika psihopatij, ih statika, dinamika, sistematika [The clinic of psychopathies. Their statics, dynamics, taxonomy]. Moscow: Sever, 1933. (In Russ.).
61. Feuchtersleben E. Lehrbuch der ärztlichen Seelenkunde. Als Skizze zu Vorträgen bearbeitet. Wien: Druck und Verlag von Carl Gerold, 1845.
62. Brown J. The elements of medicine. Translated from the Latin, with Comments and Illustrations, by the Author. A new edition, revised and corrected. Two volumes in one. From the latest London edition. Portsmouth, N.H.: Printed by William Daniel Tread-well, at the Oracle Press, MDCCCIII [1803].
63. Pinel Ph. Traité médico-philosophique sur l’aliénation mentale, ou la manie (1800–1801). Paris: Chez Richard, Caille et Ravier, Libraires, Paris, AN IX. Reproduit l’edition originale, Collection Monumenta Medica, 1965.
64. Trelat U. La folie lucide: étudiée et considérée au point de vue de la famille et de la sociéte. Paris: Adrien Delahaye, Libraire-Editeur, 1861.
65. Aristotle. Parts of Animals. In: The complete works of Aristotle. The revised Oxford translation. One Volume Digital Edition. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Translated by W. Ogle. Sixth Printing with corrections. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton/ Bollingen Series LXXI 2, Princeton University Press, 1995:2176–2374.
66. Aristotle. Problems. Book XXX. Problems connected with practical wisdom, intelligence, and wisdom. In: The complete works of Aristotle. The revised Oxford translation. One Volume Digital Edition. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Translated by W. Ogle. Sixth Printing with corrections. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton Bollingen Series LXXI 2, Princeton University Press, 1995:3211–3226.
67. Aretaeus. On the causes and signs of acute and chronic diseases (translated from the Greek by T.F. Reynolds). In: Aetiology and semeiology: consisting of Aretaeus on the causes and signs of acute diseases; and Schill’s Outlines of pathological Semeiology. Philadelphia: Haswell, Barrington, and Haswell New York: J. & H.G. Langley, 1841:7–84.
68. Caelii Aureliani, siccensis, Medici vetusti, Secta Methodici. De Morbis acutis @ Chronicus. Libri VIII. Editio prima Veneta. Venetiis: Typis Francisci Storti Superiorum Permissu, ac Privilegio, M.DCC.LVIII [1758].
69. Whytt R. Observations on the nature, cause and cure of those Disorders which have been commonly called Nervous, Hypohondriac, or Hysteric, to which are prefixed some Remarks on the Sympathy of the Nerves. Edinburgh: printed for T. Becket, and P. du Hondt, London; and J. Balfour, Edinbourgh, M DCC LXV [1765].
70. Janzarik W. Themen und Tendenzen der deutschsprachigen Psychiatrie. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer Verlag, 1974.
Review
For citations:
Pyatnitskiy N.Yu. To the History of Scientific Concepts of the XIX Century Domestic Psychiatry: P.A. Butkovskiy’s Textbook. Psychiatry (Moscow) (Psikhiatriya). 2023;21(3):79-89. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2023-21-3-79-89
Views:
600
Email this article 
