The review deals with the evolution of views of domestic and foreign researchers of apathy structure and essence. Various definitions of this phenomenon were presented as well as attempts to determine its place among other psychopathological symptoms. The following basic directions were singled out in the scientific development of the problem: 1) consideration of apathy as independent variant of affective syndrome; 2) the transition from differentiation of affective and deficit apathy to differentiation of depressive and organic apathy; 3) addition of data of psychometric and neuroimaging study to descriptive psychopathological approach in examination of apathy.

The review deals with the results of studies, devoted to neurobiological approaches to the investigation of religious-mystical experiences. Neurotheologylays a claim to creation of neurobiological models of religious faith, presupposing causal interconnection of processes in the brain and spiritual-mystical experiences. The analysis of the existing data and hypotheses in the field of neurotheology was performed from the viewpoint of methodology of scientific perception.

V.R. Butske (1845-1903) was one of the most famous psychiatrists and specialist in public health in Russia inlate XIX - early XX century. He was the creator of the biggest and most advanced mental hospital (Alexeev Moscow Clinical Psychiatric Hospital № 1), father of occupational therapy, nursing service, and other new, more humane forms of medical care to psychiatric patients in Russia.

The aim of the study was to study the psychopathological picture of the initial stage of adolescent endogenous shift-like psychosis (AESP) and to compare it with the clinical picture of remission after the first attack. The objectives of the study included establishment of probabilistic prognostic significance of initial disorders for formation of the clinical variant of remission.Materials and methods. A total of 232 patients (all males), who developed the first psychotic episode, and who were at the stage of first remission, were examined. The clinical-psychopathological, psychometric, and statistical methods were used. Thelist of psychopathological signs and clinical factors, which could have prognostic significance, was made.Results. The number of prognostically significant signs, revealed at the initial stage of disease, was quitelimited. However, the detected specificities of the initial state disorders and the clinical picture of the first remission can be used in complex evaluation of AESP clinical-functional prognosis.

The aim of the study was to analyse the efficacy of alimemazine in the outpatient treatment of non-psychotic disorders in adolescents.Materials and methods. Clinical psychopathological examination of 56 patients aged 15-17 (37 youths and 19 girls) was carried out. They were also examined using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). 3 groups of patients were singled out, taking into consideration the nosological nature of psychic pathology. The 1st group (28 subjects; 49.9%) included adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The 2nd group (20 adolescents; 35.7%) consisted of patients with neurotic impairments. The 3rd group (8 subjects; 14.4%) embraced patients with organic non-psychotic impairments, including personality disorders of organic nature.The results and conclusion. In whole clinical improvement of various degree of intensity was noticed in 46 (82,1%) of adolescents in 4 weeks of treatment. 8 weeks later the patients demonstrated indices of continuing positive dynamics: moderate improvement changed into expressed one in 5 of them (8,9%); minimal improvement gave place to moderate one in 2 more patients (3,6%). 17,9% of subjects showed stable condition (no improvement was observed); however one third of non-responders (3 subjects - 5,4%) demonstrated positive dynamics of their mental status at additional inclusion of antidepressive drugs from the group of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) in their treatment. High efficacy, affinity to anxious, phobic, affective, obsessive, and somato- vegetative impairments, possibility of use in complex therapy and practically complete absence of undesirable effects testify to mild and balanced impact of the drug, its congruence with «targets syndromes» typical of the patients of adolescent age.

The study represents the results of clinical and immunological examination of 97 school-aged children with various chronic mental illnesses, accompanied by a decrease of intelligence. Function of innate immunity was estimated by the activity ofleukocyte elastase and alpha-proteinase inhibitor; titer autoantibodies to antigens - S-100B and myelin basic protein were chosen as indicators of adaptive immunity. The most informative immune indicator associated with impaired mental status in outpatients was enzyme activity ofleukocyte elastase. A statistically significant correlation between the severity of psychopathological disorders and activityleukocyte elastase was found. This allows us to use this indicator for the selection of patients with risk of exacerbation and enhancement of severity of mental disorders.

The aim of the study was to investigate the correlations between clinical-pathological and clinical-immunological indices in endogenous non-psychotic mental disorders in adolescence. The material of the study included 34 youths with affective disorder (according to ICD-10 - F34), personality disorder (F60) and schizoaffective disorder (F21). The immunological study was conducted twice: at admission of patients to hospital and at discharge from it, that is at the stage of reduction of psychopathological disorders. The control group consisted of healthy males, whose age corresponded to the age of the group of patients. Method. The production of pro-inflammatory (IL-1, interferon gamma) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, -10) in the culture oflymphocytes was studied either with addition of non-specific mitogens (LPS, ConA), or spontaneous synthesis of these interleukins in cultures without introduction of mitogens was assessed. Results. It was shown, that the increase in spontaneous IL-1 synthesis was typical of all groups of patients, which testifies to the activation of the immune system with antigen in vivo. Most intensively it was noticed in patients with schizotypal disorder. Conclusion. The obtained data confirms the assumption of the possible role of immunological impairments in the development of non-psychotic mental disorders and allows to recommend the continuation of investigation of the association between immunological and mental impairments.

In this paper we consider the possibility of using the analytic hierarchy process, data processing based on the methodology«Segments», aimed at the study of bodily self-image patients with mental disorders. Materials for the work was compiled questionnaires based on the methodology «Segments» in the group of patients with a diagnosis of sluggish schizophrenia and in the control group. For processing the survey data are encouraged to use the cardinal algorithm under the procedures of the analytic hierarchy. The proposed approach (unlike rank methods) gives additional possibilities to estimate the original information, and provides the results of the correctness of the received data processing.