Кибербуллинг как феномен цифровой агрессии: психосоциальные характеристики и влияние на психическое здоровье

Обоснование: кибербуллинг является одной из наиболее распространенных форм агрессии в цифровой среде, особенно среди подростков и молодежи. Современные исследования демонстрируют прямую связь между участием в кибербуллинге и развитием широкого спектра психических расстройств.

Цель обзора: систематизировать научные публикации о типологии, распространенности, факторах риска и психических последствиях кибербуллинга.

Материалы и методы: выполнен нарративный обзор 106 публикаций за 2015–2025 гг., отобранных по базам данных PubMed, Google Scholar и eLibrary. Были проанализированы оригинальные исследования, данные метаанализов и систематических обзоров, посвященных эпидемиологии, психологическим и поведенческим предикторам, методам диагностики кибербуллинга и его последствий.

Результаты: кибербуллинг имеет высокие показатели распространенности. Они варьируются от 2,8 до 57,5% в разных популяциях. Основными факторами риска вовлечения в кибербуллинг являются: тревожность, депрессия, импульсивность, неблагоприятная семейная обстановка и низкий уровень социальной поддержки. Одни из самых тяжелых последствий кибербуллинга — депрессия, посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство (ПТСР), суицидальные тенденции и самоповреждающее поведение (селфхарм). Диагностика кибербуллинга осуществляется с помощью как опросников (например, COASI, CATQ), так и систем машинного обучения, включая нейросетевые модели.

Выводы: кибербуллинг является многофакторным психосоциальным явлением, значимо влияющим на психическое здоровье. Его профилактика требует междисциплинарного подхода, включающего цифровую грамотность, социальную поддержку и раннее психотерапевтическое вмешательство.

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