The review deals with the approach to the state of defect in an endogene mental pathology of children and adolescents. The information on the history of the problem is presented, and the medical (psychiatric) and psychological approaches to the defect problem are underlined as well as the relations between the defect, the deficit and the dysontogenesis; the cognitive component of the notions under analysis is exposed. The difficulties of scientific analysis of the considered problem are identified as related to the age aspect, in particular to the infancy and adolescence. The possibilities of qualification and typology of the defect in mental disorders compared adults, children and adolescents are discussed compared adults, children and adolescents. The ways of clinical and psychological investigations are considered concerning the development of the defect in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in children and adolescents.

Divaza has an original mechanism of action with a modifying effect on the functional activity of protein S-100 and the endothelial NO-synthase. It is indicated to treat patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease. The review is based on publications of experimental data on original mechanisms of action in different experimental models of cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases and observational clinical studies of Divaza.

This publication provides an overview of plenary symposia of the XVI World Psychiatry Congress (14-18 September, 2014, Madrid, Spain) and the 27th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (18-21 October, Berlin, Germany) concerning some important issues of bipolar affective disorder and includes: 1) personalized medicine (Sophia Frangou, Eduard Vieta, Thomas Schulze);2) staging model (Flavio Kapczinski, Jan Scott, Fiametta Cosci).

The aim of the study was to assess changes in functional state of human brain using the methods of quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) in combined antidepressive therapy of the elderly patients.Material. 20 patients (mean age 67,1  5,7 years) with depression of mild, or moderate degree of intensity received venlafaxine at a dosage of 75-150 mg/day and cerebrolysin (20 ml intravenous drip infusions) for 4 weeks. Multichannel EEG registration was held in 15 patients before the onset of treatment and after 4 weeks of therapy.Results. By the end of treatment reliable improvement in the states of patients was revealed according to clinical ratings, Hamilton rating scale (HDRS-17), and mini mental test (MMSE). According to quantitative EEG data, application of combined therapy with venlafaxine plus cerebrolysin resulted in marked improvement of brain functional state. The growth of spectral power and normalization of frequency of parietooccipital alpha rhythm were detected, as well as an increase in EEG coherence in alpha frequency range and the ranges of fast beta activity.

Up to now discrepancy remains in the opinions of nosological belonging of hallucinoses in late age and their outcomes.The aim of the study was to establish syndromal-nosological structure of hallucinoses in late age.Material. The material included 60 patients (all females) at the age of 60 and older (median age made up 80,5 years), first hospitalized in the mental hospital with hallucinatory psychoses, developed in late age.Methods. During the study methods were used as follows: clinical-psychopathological, neuroimaging (MRI/CT), psychometric (MMSE, Hachinski ischemic scale, Neuropsychiatric inventory, NPI).Results. Hallucinoses first appeared during the period of ageing are more often associated with senile age. Acute development of hallucinatory psychosis was noticed in 55% of subjects, the chronic one was observed in 45% of cases. The frequency of verbal, visual, combined, and tactile hallucinoses in the studied material equalled to 52%, 30%, 13%, and 5% respectively. In the majority of cases (65%) hallucinatory symptoms were accompanied with unformed delusions, resulting from the contents of hallucinatory experiences. Most often (54%) delusions appear in true verbal hallucinoses, twice as rare (23%) in visual hallucinoses, and in mixed and tactile hallusinosis delusions are noticed in 15% and 8% of observations respectively. As a rule true hallucinoses develop against the background of dementias of mild or moderate severity, they are rarely observed in the presence of signs of severe dementia. True hallucinoses are noticed more often in mixed Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. In 27% of cases no intellectual-mnestic decline was detected in patients with hallucinoses, however according to the data of MRI/CT study changes characteristic of initial neurodegenerative or combined neurodegenerative-vascular cerebral disease were revealed.Conclusion. Nosological diagnostics of hallucinatory psychoses in late age requires complex examination, including methods of neuroimaging and assessment of cognitive functions.

The aim of study. To present results of original comparative study on levels of phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and glutamic acid decarboxylase isoenzymes (GAD65/67) and brain isoform creatine kinase (CK BB) in autopsied cerebellum samples from AD patients and matched controls (13 cases in each group).Material and methods. Samples obtained after autopsy were frozen and stored at -80 °C. The groups are matched by sex, age, postmortem interval and cause of death. Protein extracts from cerebellum tissues were obtained after removing of nuclei and cell debris by centrifugation and treatment of the obtained fractions with detergent (SDS). Relative amounts of these enzymes were determined using SDS-PAAG-electrophoresis with the following semi-quantitative ECL-Western-immunoblotting with chemiluminescence detection.Results. The majority of samples from the AD group contained less amount of PAG in comparison with control samples, the Mann Whitney U-test demonstrated a significant between-group difference ( p = 0,004). Differences between groups in GADlevels were also statistically significant: for GAD67 p = 0,00004, for GDK65 p = 0,0002. Significant correlation between the levels of the both enzymes was not observed in the control group such as in AD group. As for CK BB it was also decreased in AD compared to controls ( p = 0,0023).Conclusions. Decreased levels of these enzymes in AD cerebellum suggest significantly impaired glutamate, GABA and energy metabolism in this brain region, which apparently involved in AD pathogenesis.

In the article is proposed the model of evolution and reduction of anxious states. These states may be described as states, having changes of different organism’s systems rhythms. This model based at level organization of human motion principles, which was created by N.A. Bernstein. It is considered an order of origin and disappearance of different symptoms, which constitute panic attack. It is analyzed the evolution of panic disorder and its connection with depression in the view of proposed model.

The increased plasma homocysteine concentration (Hcy) is noted in vascular, cognitive and depressive disorders. Since comorbid vascular pathology and cognitive disorders often meet in depressions of old age and reduce efficiency of the carried-out psychopharmacotherapy, it is possible to examine Hcy as an additional biomarker of the therapeutic response.Objective. Investigating plasma Hcy concentration of elderly depressive patients as a biomarker of the response to antidepressive therapy.Materials and methods. Depression severity and Hcy concentration were investigated in 51 in-patients (50-82 years old) with a depressive episode before and after a 28-day antidepressive therapy. Depression severity and existence of cognitive disorders were estimated using HAMD-17, MMSE. Plasma Hcy concentration was measured on a threefold mass spectrometer of Agilent 6410-2K in the mode of detecting of the set masses (136,0  90,0) in the conditions of positive chemical ionization mode with an atmospheric pressure.Results. Prior to treatment the Hcy level correlates with age of patients (0,28), simple types of depressions (0,39), seasonal nature of their relapses (0,32) and number of vascular diseases (0,29), at the end of the therapy - with existence of vascular changes on MRT of a brain (0,41), total number of somatic diseases (0,28) and their decompensation in the phase (0,28). These results confirm data about relation of a hyperhomocysteinemia with vascular diseases and allow suppose considerable participation of a vascular factor in development of the simple depressions in aged. Hcy сoncentration is not directly connected with efficiency of the psychopharmacotherapy.Conclusions. Plasma Hcy concentration of elderly depressive patients is a biomarker vascular disorders. Its monitoring can help to optimize the combined therapy.