Background: it is well known that improving clinical guidelines should take into account the results of studies conducted in real-world clinical practice. Data of the prescription patterns and dosages of antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia of varying disease duration are in the area of special interest.

The aim was to study the relationship between the prescription patterns of antipsychotics and the socio-demographic, clinical and dynamic characteristics, quality of life indicators, and social functioning of patients with paranoid schizophrenia.

Patients and Methods: the study included 208 inpatients with paranoid schizophrenia (total sample; mean age — 30.21 ± 6.84 years, males — 58.65% (n = 122)). The structure of antipsychotic prescriptions was analyzed based on medical records from 2018 to 2024. For all medications, the standard daily dose was determined using the Defined Daily Dose (WHO) methodology. Socio-demographic, clinical and dynamic characteristics were assessed, along with PANSS, BACS, PSP, and WHOQOL-BREF scale scores.

Results: a total of 16 antipsychotic drugs were identified in the prescription structure. Two patient groups were identified in the principal component space. Group 1 included patients with a significant (> 60%) predominance of risperidone and olanzapine prescriptions (n = 136). Group 2 made up patients with a comparable predominance of haloperidol and clozapine prescriptions (n = 72). Group 1 included 94 (69.1%) patients experiencing their first psychotic episode, whereas Group 2 included 50 (69.4%) chronic patients. Group 1 had significantly lower disease duration, number of hospitalizations (p < 0.001), number of disabilities (p = 0.003); significantly higher mean duration of outpatient treatment (p < 0.001), higher scores on the BACS subtests “verbal learning” (p = 0.009) and “working memory” (p = 0.049).

Conclusion: risperidone, olanzapine, and other second-generation antipsychotics are significantly more frequently prescribed in real-world clinical practice to patients with shorter disease duration and relatively preserved cognitive functions. In contrast, haloperidol and clozapine predominate in the prescriptions of chronic patients.

Background: PTSD in combatants is characterized by high comorbidity with mental disorders of the organic, affective, anxiety and personality spectrums. It is relevant to study the influence of comorbidity on the clinical picture and severity of PTSD manifestations.

The Aim of study: to analyze the structure and severity of clinical and psychopathological characteristics of PTSD taking into account comorbidity and to establish relationships with the intensity of subjective experience of a traumatic event.

Patients and Methods: the study included male participants of the Special military operation (n = 52) aged 22 to 55 years (mean age 38.2 ± 8.9 years), who independently sought and underwent inpatient treatment for PTSD comorbid with other mental disorders (ICD-10 criteria). The diagnosis of PTSD was additionally verified by the international neuropsychiatric interview M.I.N.I. for PTSD. The severity of clinical manifestations of PTSD and the intensity of the impact of the traumatic event were assessed using the Mississippi PTSD Scale and the Traumatic Event Impact Rating Scale (TEIRS).

Results: a predominance of other anxiety disorders, adjustment disorders (n = 24; 46.2%) and organic mental disorders (n = 12; 23.1%) was revealed in the structure of mental disorders comorbid with PTSD. The conducted factor analysis of PTSD symptoms made it possible to identify four groups of factors reflecting: (1) intrusive manifestations with pronounced anxiety, recurrence of experience and avoidance of the traumatic event; (2) negative emotional self-perception; (3) inability to experience positive emotions; (4) sleep disorders with hyperarousal. A statistically significant highest intensity of the impact of a traumatic event on the personality profile of combatants and the severity of PTSD manifestations was established in cases of comorbidity with anxiety, affective and personality disorders (p = 0.00001). Comorbidity with organic mental disorders is characterized by a lower severity of clinical manifestations of PTSD and a lower intensity of the impact of a traumatic event on the personality profile (p = 0.00001).

Conclusion: the identified features associated with the impact of comorbid mental disorders on the clinical picture of PTSD should be analyzed in the context of the relationship with the severity and intensity of the impact of traumatic events on the personality profile, and should also be taken into account when developing treatment and rehabilitation programs and dynamically assessing the effectiveness of therapy.

Background: affective disorders are among the most common mental disorders associated with a high risk of suicide and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI). However, little is known about the complex impact of family history (FH) and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on this risk.

The Aim was to study the association of ACE and FH with NSSI and suicide attempts in patients with affective disorders.

Patients and Methods: the sample consisted of 199 patients (74.9% (n = 149) women, median (Q1–Q3) age 27 (22–36) years) with bipolar affective disorder (73.9% (n = 147) and depression (recurrent depressive disorder, depressive episode). More than half of included patients reported a history of NSSI (51.3%; n = 102), more than a third had a history of suicide attempts (34.2%; n = 68). Sociodemographic characteristics and information on FH were collected during a clinical interview. ACE was assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Between group comparisons and logistic regression were used to comprehensively assess the impact of FH, ACE, gender, age, and diagnosis on the lifetime NSSI and suicide attempts prevalence.

Results: between-group comparisons demonstrated an association of FH of suicide attempts and certain kinds of ACE with NSSI and suicide attempts. Logistic regression revealed significant associations of FH of suicide (OR = 3.741, p = 0.047) and emotional neglect (OR = 2.951, p = 0.027) with suicide attempts, as well as significant associations of sexual abuse (OR = 3.788, p = 0.029), parental deprivation (OR = 3.191, p = 0.024), age (for each year, OR = 0.823, p < 0.001), and the FH of mental disorders (OR = 0.281, p = 0.017) with NSSI.

Conclusions: the results of study demonstrate the importance of joint assessment of genetic and environmental factors to create complex predictive models of suicide attempt and NSSI in patients with affective disorders.

Background: non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescent girls remains a pressing mental health concern due to its high prevalence (10–30%) and increased risk of suicide attempts. The associations between NSSI and socio-psychological characteristics as well as clinical-psychological profiles remain insufficiently explored.

The Aim of study was to describe the frequency and motives of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescent girls and to examine its associations with clinical and socio-demographic characteristics, anxiety, depression, social adaptation, and perceived social support.

Patients and Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 186 adolescent girls aged 12–17 years who were hospitalized in a neuropsychiatric hospital (Krasnodar region) in 2022–2024. The assessment tools included the Self-Harming Behavior Reasons Scale (developed by N.A. Polskaya, 2014), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) by M. Kovacs, the Multidimensional Assessment of Child Anxiety (MACA), and the Social Psychological Adaptation Questionnaire by C. Rogers and R. Diamond. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism and Python.

Results: significant differences in the frequency and motives of self-harming behavior were found between diagnostic subgroups. According to the Self-Harming Behavior Reasons Scale (Part 1), significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in cutting, hair-pulling, lip-biting, and cheek-biting—most pronounced in patients with affective disorders (F30–F39). Part 2 of the scale revealed intergroup differences in motives such as “to calm down,” “to feel relief,” “to avoid emotional pain,” and “feeling completely destroyed” (p < 0.01). Correlations with anxiety, depression, suicide risk, and social adaptation were statistically significant but generally weak (r = 0.14–0.32).

Conclusions: the results emphasize the need for personalized prevention programs focusing on emotional regulation and social support, particularly for girls with affective and anxiety disorders.

Background: according to domestic and foreign studies, the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing, with pediatric MS accounting for 2 to 6% of all cases. Due to the peculiarities of the clinical picture of the disease and its consequences, social and psychological aspects, including child-parent relations, are particularly important for the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with MS.

The aim was to study the features of child-parent relations in the families of adolescents with MS.

Patients and Methods: 128 people (64 adolescents and 64 their mothers) participated in the study, according to the principle of homogeneity of demographic and social indicators 2 groups were formed. Experimental group made up families of adolescents with MS; control group (СG) included families of healthy adolescents. The study used the clinical and anamnestic method; structured interview; Analysis of family anxiety (AST); Scale of family adaptation and cohesion (FACES-3); The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); The Parental Attitude Test Questionnaire; statistical analysis of the results using the SPSS 23 program.

Results: families of adolescents with MS are in a state of crisis caused by the detection of a neurological disease and a complex stage of age-related personality changes in the child (adolescent crisis). The combined effects of these factors, in combination with the depressed emotional state of mother, provoke the launch of regressive methods of child-parent interaction and have a destabilizing effect on the family system.

Conclusion: the data obtained reveal the expediency of developing differentiated psychological support programs for parents and adolescents with MS, aimed at improving their emotional state and harmonizing family relations. Taking into account the identified features of families of adolescents with MS, possible targets of psychological assistance have been identified.

Background: violence risk assessment in persons acquitted by reason of insanity is difficult. It seems appropriate to consider the possibilities of psychological assessment based on the biopsychosocial model in addition to clinical ones. Standard survey methods do not provide sufficient information. The schema therapy approach is proposed as an alternative.

The Aim of study was to assess violence risk in patients under compulsory treatment using new instruments for psychological examination.

Patients: 137 male patients aged 18–62 years (М = 37.03; SD = 9.65) under compulsory treatment.

Methods: author's scale, Young Shema Questionnaire, Schema Mode Inventory, Historical Clinical Risk Management-20.

Results: patients are characterized by violence risk factors (overall scale: M = 19.57; SD = 7.92; Me = 19). Anamnestic factors (M = 10.89; SD = 3.65; Me = 11) and risk management factors (M = 5.25; SD = 2.78; Me = 5) prevailed over clinical ones (M = 3.43; SD = 2.52; Me = 3). The relationships shown: a) «Lack of self-control» with the overall score of violence risk (rs = 0.331; p ≤ 0.001) and its clinical signs (rs = 0.328; p ≤ 0.001); b) «Distrust» with the overall score also (rs = 0.304; p ≤ 0.001) and its anamnestic signs (rs = 0.311; p ≤ 0.001). The greatest contribution to the degree of violence risk is made by the schemes and modes: “Negativism/pessimism” (β = 0.573; p ≤ 0.001), “Failure” (β = 0.331; p ≤ 0.01), “Detached self-consoler” (β = −2.165; p ≤ 0.001), “Enraged child” (β = 3.327; p ≤ 0.001), “Angry child” (β = −2.430; p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions: severity of schemes and modes indices can play an important role in predicting relapse of socially dangerous act. This methods can be used to assess the violence risk severity as an additional one.

Background: the combined form of psychopathologic diathesis is a special personality structure, capable to transform into various manifest forms of psychiatric disorders. The main neurophysiological features of this form of diathesis are explored in Part 1 of study [1].

The aim of study is to determine the neurofunctional basis underlying the clinical phenomenology of the indicated form of psychiatric diathesis.

Participants and Methods: 2433 students (mean age 21.1 ± 3.9 yrs) were examined. Two main groups of 74 and 107 students were formed on the basis of the Abraham-Ferenczi-Szondi theory, each of them including a certain variant of the combined form of psychopathological diathesis. EEG recordings of 330 subjects (mean age 21.3 ± 3.7) from the normative HBI Database were used as a control group (CG). The 2d part of the study of neurophysiological features of persons with a combined form of psychopathological diathesis (identity integration disorder, IID) by estimating the spectral power of EEG rhythms is devoted to the comparative evaluation of the obtained data with the indicators of neurofunctioning of persons with various psychiatric disorders known from the literature. The features of bioelectrical activity of persons with IID and patients with organic mental disorders, psychopathology of schizophrenic and affective circle, neurotic and personality disorders are compared. Similarities and differences of brain functioning in the selected groups are demonstrated, and clinical and phenomenological analysis of the interpretation of the obtained comparative characteristics is performed.

Conclusion: prospects for further research of interdisciplinary nature are illustrated, opening up broad possibilities of using modern technologies of studying the indicators of neurofunctioning in the diagnostic search.

Background: according to official statistics, the general incidence of mental disorders among adolescents during 1992–2022 was significantly higher than among the entire Russian population. This difference was already 82.4% in 2022. During 30 yars, the general incidence rate of adolescents increased by 48.4%, while the number of adolescent population decreased by 27.9%.

The aim was to find the main factors related to the dynamics of the indicator of the general incidence of mental disorders in the adolescent population of Russia and the construction of population mathematical models (linear and nonlinear) for this indicator based on data related to the period 1992–2022.

Material and Methods: the work used official data from statistical reports (Rosstat), materials from research institutions, and published results of epidemiological studies of the mental health of adolescents and the entire Russian population. When constructing linear models for the indicator of overall morbidity, correlation and regression analysis were used in the framework of MS Excel (the “Data Analysis” add-in), and the formation of a nonlinear model was carried out using a logistic function, the parameters of which were selected using the least squares method in the framework of MS Excel (the “Solver” add-in).

Results: using the correlation analysis of the initial data, the main factors influencing the dynamics of the overall incidence of mental disorders in the adolescent (15–17 years old) population of Russia in the period 1992–2022 were identified. The main factors for the period under review are: 1) the human resource of the adolescent mental health service; 2) the number of the adolescent population. Linear regression models with a high explanatory power have been obtained, which allow for operational monitoring of the overall morbidity of adolescents.

Conclusions: the results of study made it possible to develop epidemiological models with a high explanatory power (linear and nonlinear) to assess the indicator of the general incidence of mental disorders depending on the human resource of the adolescent psychiatric service and the number of adolescents. Using the obtained models it would be possible to monitor and predict the mental health of adolescents in both the short and medium term, as well as develop the necessary psychosocial assistance programs and plan appropriate resources for their implementation, which is important for the organizers of psychiatric care.

Background: secondary negative symptoms (SNS) in schizophrenia represent a significant clinical challenge, driven by a range of factors including depression, positive symptoms, cognitive impairments, side effects of antipsychotics, as well as social and somatic causes. Their differential diagnosis remains a complex task due to substantial clinical overlap and the lack of standardized assessment methods.

The aim of review was to explore, based on an analysis of scientific publications, the mechanisms underlying the development of SNS, as well as to describe their clinical, psychopathological, and dynamic characteristics.

Materials and Methods: the narrative review involved searching for and analyzing sources from databases PubMed and e-Library. A total of 93 publications relevant to the topic were included in the final analysis.

Conclusion: the mechanisms behind the formation of secondary negative symptoms, as well as their clinical, psychopathological, and dynamic features depending on etiology are shown. Key differential diagnostic criteria for SNS are presented according to their origin. Based on the findings of this review, it appears that SNS can be reversible or partially reversible following the removal of secondary causes, thereby making them an important target for targeted intervention strategies.

Background: non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a widespread phenomenon, particularly among adolescents, being a significant predictor of suicide. It is shown that suicidal behavior is associated with activation of the systemic immune-inflammatory response. The role of systemic inflammation in NSSI has been studied to a lesser extent, and findings from existing research have not been systematized.

Aim of the scoping review is to summarize findings from the studies that investigated systemic inflammatory markers (SIM) in NSSI, addressing the following questions: 1) Is there an association between SIM and NSSI? 2) Does this association depend on clinical, socio-demographic, biological, and treatment factors? 3) Has the prognostic value of SIM in NSSI been assessed?

Methods: only original studies investigating SIM in individuals with NSSI and published before March 31, 2025, were included. Searches for relevant publications were conducted in the MEDLINE and eLibrary databases.

Results: in total, 429 publications were identified, 6 studies were included (5 cross-sectional and 1 longitudinal). Their results demonstrate: 1) higher levels of SIM in adolescents and adults (primarily with affective disorders) exhibiting NSSI compared to both patients without NSSI and healthy controls (4 studies); 2) sparse findings regarding the influence of the following factors on SIM levels: childhood maltreatment (1 study), history of suicide attempts (1 study), depression severity (1 study), and EEG activity patterns (1 study); 3) association between higher interleukin-6 levels in adolescents with NSSI with higher frequency of self-injurious episodes over the following 3 months (1 study).

Conclusions: the scoping review provides clear evidence for an association between NSSI and changes in SIM reflecting systemic inflammation activation. However, the small number of the studies, their heterogeneity, and mostly cross-sectional design preclude definitive conclusions regarding the specificity of the identified associations, causal relationships, the influence of modifying factors, and the clinical utility of SIM as biomarkers for NSSI risk or prognosis. This necessitates further research of higher methodological quality.

The article is dedicated to the 145th anniversary of the birth of Viktor P. Protopopov, Russian- Soviet psychiatrist, pedagogue and academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Victor Pavlovich left a rich scientific legacy, publishing more than 160 works, including 5 fundamental monographs. The research of V.P. Protopopov covered a wide range of issues in the field of psychiatry, physiology and pathology of higher nervous activity. He developed a unique method of calling conditional motor reflexes, which has become an important contribution to science. His work on pathophysiology, biochemistry and treatment of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis has made a significant contribution to understanding these diseases. Viktor P. Propopov was one of the first in the Soviet Union who introduced innovative treatment methods such as sleep therapy and detoxification procedures, which significantly improved the quality of life for many mentally ill people.