Background. Up to now classification of schizophrenia remains a problem for discussion in the world and domestic psychiatry.

The objective of work was to present the history of creation of schizophrenia concept by A.V. Snezhnevsky and the current development of schizophrenia studies according to A.V. Snezhnevsky's school.

Method. Historical review and analysis of the current state of the problem.

Results. The basic stages of creation of schizophrenia systematics in domestic psychiatry were considered. The clinical-psychopathological and age-related approaches to research of schizophrenia problem were analyzed. The results of use and the ways of development of A.V. Snezhnevsky's schizophrenia concept in the modem scientific psychiatry were discussed.

Conclusion. Domestic systematics of schizophrenia forms, based on the clinical-psychopathological approach preserves its importance and determines the directions of further clinical-biological studies.

The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of the early prescription of differentiated personalized therapy based on biological data at the moment of the examination of the patient by a psychiatrist to specify the prognosis of the further course of the disease. In this case, the objectivity of the severity of symptoms was carried out on the basis on the laboratory diagnostics using «Neuro-Immuno-Test» and EEG mapping.

Patients and methods: 250 patients aged 3-15 years (mean age &3 years) were examined using psychopathological neuro-immunological and neuro-physiological tests. Criteria of inclusion into the study were as follows: the presence of a psychotic episode (or formation of remission) with a predominance of nosologically non — specific catatonic disorders and cognitive disorders, as well as the lack of social interaction stereotyped behavior and the presence of cognitive deficit in a case of non-psychotiс (evolutionary) forms of ASD; the necessity of pharmacotherapy and informed consent of the parent or guardian of the child to participated the study.

Results and conclusion: the new developed mutidlsdplinaiy method determining the need for the use of psychopharmacotherapy in patients with autism spectrum disorders at the time of their examination in clude clinical examination of patients and nosological definition of the disease according to ICD-10 and DSM-V. The additional neurophysiological examination of bioelectric activity of the patient's brain allows evaluating of separate EEG parameters (predominantly beta and theta rhythms) with specificities of structure of the clinical manifestations. New multidisciplinary method Includes immunological examination of patients with determining of enzymatic activity of leukocyte elastase (LE), functional activity of α₁-proteinase inhibitor (α₁-PI), and the level of auto antibodies to neurospecific antigens S l00b and myelin basic protein (MBP) In peripheral blood serum. Psychopharmacotherapy is prescribed to the patient according to the results of clinical examination with reliable excess of one, or all of the values of the investigated biological Indices in comparison with healthy children of the appropriate age.

The aim was to present the conception of the systemic clinical and psychological approach to the rehabilitation of children with autism spectrum disorders depending on the type of cognitive dysontogenesis.

Patients and methods. The article deals with the key tasks and principles necessary for successful rehabilitation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Particular attention is paid to the methodological tools used by a clinical psychologist to effectively assess the state of mental functions of the patient the description of the pathopsychological register syndrome and the qualification of the type of cognitive dysontogenesis in children with autism spectrum disorders. The importance of psychological qualification of the expression and type of cognitive dysontogenesis in the development of a personalized approach necessary for the successful rehabilitation of children with autism spectrum disorders is noted.

Conclusion. The presented model of qualification types of cognitive dysontogenesis makes it possible to make a conclusion about the picture of cognitive disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders. The obtained data are effectively used in the development of a personalized approach necessary for the successful rehabilitation of children with mental disabilities.

Objectives: the analysis of mental disorders in children and adolescents with mental pathology in the context of the concept of cognitive dysontogenesis. In the article approaches to an estimation of disturbances of thinking at a mental pathology in children and teenage age are considered. The domestic and foreign approach to the assessment of cognitive impairments is compared. The history of development of the concept of cognitive dysontogenesis in the Mental Health Research Centre.

Material and methods: the results of experimental psychological studies of children and adolescents with diseases of the schizophrenic spectrum (schizophrenia of childrens type, schizotypic disorder) are given in the Department of Medical Psychology of the Mental Health Research Centre. Samples of children and adolescents with a psychogenic endogenous pathology (over 150 children) and normative development in a wide age range from 7 to 16 years have been investigated the material was collected and analyzed in different time periods against the background of changes in the social situation of development Domestic pathopsychological techniques were used (small subject classification, comparison of concepts, design of objects) and conventional means of psychodiagnostics (Wechsler test).

Results and conclusions. New modified methods for evaluating the use of pathopsychological diagnostic tools are proposed. Quantitative and qualitative methods of estimation are compared their complex application in diagnostics of the disturbed cognitive development (cognitive dizontogenesis) is specified. The proximity of the received estimates of thelevel of cognitive activity from the position of psychometric and classical pathopsychological approaches has been revealed. It is shown that the general characteristic of the age-related dynamics in the clinical group in disorders of the schizophrenia circle turned out to be similar in the study of 1970-80s and at the present stage. The tools used in the studies were considered the basis of the technology for diagnosing disturbances in thinking in the operational component (thelevel of generalization, possession of analysis and synthesis operations, etc.), dynamic parameters (productivity, pace of work), and also in the motivational and personal aspect (the possibility of making a task and developing a program for its implementation, criticality, etc.).

Aim. Description of the age-related dynamics of mental disorders in children at high risk (HWR) for schizophrenia, started at an early age with an assessment of their prognostic significance.

Materials and methods. Cohorts of observation comprised 140 children from parents with schizophrenic disorders, and 50 healthy children collected during the screening of a children's population in one of the districts of Moscow in 1985-1995 were traced prospectively within 10-15 years. Children were examined using clinical and paraclinical methods, including scales GN0M, PANSS, CARS.

The results obtained. According to the severity of the mental state in the first year of life, the cases were divided into cases with separate stigmas of the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, cases with outpost-symptoms of the affective and neurosislikelevel and outpost-symptoms of the psychotic level. Subsequently, 40 children were diagnosed with RAS, 40 with schizophrenia, and 60 had some symptoms of schizotypal stigmatization. In the 10 to 15-year period most children showed a positive dynamics of mental disorders, only 34,3% of children who had an outpost symptom of mental disorders at an early age had severe autistic disorders or schizophrenia. In the control group all children remained healthy.

Conclusions. Early detection of children with endogenous developmental risk factors creates opportunities for early initiation of preventive measures, and if necessary, adequate therapy.

Background. Developments in the field of neurobiological bases of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can facilitate the introduction of more objective methods of early diagnostics, early identification of ASD syndromal forms, which can significantly improve the quality of adaptation. Various electroencephalogram quantitative parameters were considered as such possible neurobiological markers of autism at the early ontogeny stages.

The aim of the study was to investigate the complex of quantitative EEG characteristics in a case of pathologically proceeding ontogenesis in individuals with or without autism spectrum disorders by comparing indices with normative EEG database and to determine the most significant EEG parameters that correlate with the severity of the condition and age dynamics.

Patients and methods. 100 patients with thelimited possibilities of health (LPH) aged from 3 to 26 years with alowlevel of adaptive skills were studied. One group included 70 patients with autism (F84.0 according to ICD-10), the second group comprised 30 patients with LPH with no autistic disorders. The control group included EEG recordings of 700 healthy subjects of the same age interval. The registratioa EEG spectral analysis and comparative EEG mapping (with normative group) were conducted for all the subjects of the two groups.

Results. As a result of the analysis of quantitative clinical and neurophysiological data, findings were obtained which allowed predicting the presence of specific disturbances in nervous system functioning in persons with LPH. In patients with ASD, the spectral power of beta-2 activity was reliably increased whereas in patients with LPH with no ASD the spectral power of slow activity delta and theta frequency bands was increased.

Conclusion. The results of the study confirm the assumption, that autism spectrum disorders may be associated with inhibitory deficiency.

The aim. То describe the micropsychiatry unit and the rehabilitation activities carried out within the unit by an interdisciplinary team of specialists. To describe and analyze the results of the work carried out from 2010 to 2017.

Patients. Children aged 8 months to 3 years and 11 months with various mental disorders.

Research methods: clinical, clinico-psychological clinico-dynamic, clinical and follow-up physical instrumental historical genealogical conducting EEG.

Results and conclusions. We note that the existence of the unit charged with the provision of specialized assistance to young children working in collaboration with a team of specialist providing comprehensive care, enables to carry out diagnostic, preventive and rehabilitation-corrective work aimed at preventing serious disorders as well as at minimizing their symptoms, carried out at the earliest possible stages of their development It is important that as a result of comprehensive rehabilitation activities a further route of medical psychological and pedagogical activities carried out both within and outside the family, is created for the child coupled with advisory support for every family, which results in further rehabilitation activities. As a result the quality of life, as well as thelevel of social functioning of families raising children with special developmental needs increases.

The aim of the study was to establish the character of psychic changes in depressive young males with attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) in the structure of youth depression and their difference from clinical psychological characteristics of patients with affective pathology on the one hand and full-blown psychotic episode on the second hand.

Material and methods. The results of experimental psychological study of patients from three groups were presented: group 1 (n - 44) young depressive males with attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS), group 2 (л -103) young depressive males without APS, and group 3 (л - 74) young males with a first psychotic episode of juvenile endogenous attack-like psychosis.

Results.The significant differences were revealed both among all groups, and in the group of male youth depression with APS depending on the 5-year outcome in the style characteristics of cognitive activity, sodal and personal functioning, thelevel of generalization, motivation self-regulation and mental activity.

Conclusion. The obtained results contribute to early diagnostics and nosological assessment of youth depression with APS.

Objective. The aim of study included the definition ofline of immunological characteristic(CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺ T-limphocytes) and the search of clinical and biological relationships in HIV-infected patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

Patients and methods. 96 HIV-infected patients (58 females and 38 males) with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were included into clinical and immunological study. Methods of statistics: the correlation analysis; comparison of mean values.

The main results: The HIV-infection in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder reduce the levels of immunocompetent cells. There are statistically relationships between psych о path о logical symptoms (PANSS) and several immunity variables in HIV-infected patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder have been obtained. The increase of CD3*CD8* T-lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients corresponded to psychoses with hallucinations and delusions, but not to affective and schizoaffective syndromes. The preserved level of T-lymphocytes has been revealed in patients with schizoaffective disorder and attack-like schizophrenia. Quite the contrary, the reduction of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes, CD3⁺CD8⁺  T-lymphocytes and CD4^+/CD8⁺ ratio has been registered in patients with paranoid schizophrenia with continual and episodic course. Duration of the HIV-infection is softening the intensity of psychopathological symptomatology.

Background. The problem of late schizophrenia remains relevant up today.

The aim was to present the main period of the evolution of the concept oflate schizophrenia. Despite the fact that the concept of «late schizophrenia» is insufficiently defined, many researchers consider the possibility of schizophrenia onset in old age.

Material. The case and clinical analysis of a case of shift-like schizophrenia with onset the age of 70 years is presented. Clinical characteristics of psychotic episodes and evolution of disease are discussed.

Conclusion. The case shows the evidence of diagnostics oflate-onset schizophrenia.

The objective of the work was to present the current state and prospects of the research of biological of biological phenomena being examined by the authors, which underlie the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including upregulated protein synthesis (translation process) on the ribosomes.

Material and methods: the review is based on previous articles published by the authors of this review and other domestic and foreign scientists.

Results. Ribosomes are cytoplasmic organelles that perform protein biosynthesis on messenger RNA. The major components of the ribosome are ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Human ribosomal genes code for the molecules of 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA. In human genome, ribosomal genes (RG) form clusters of tandem repeats on the five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes termed rDNA. The rDNA copy number per diploid genome in different subjects varies from 250 to 670 copies with a mean of 450. The quantity of ribosomal genes in the individual genomelimits thelevel of total translation (protein biosynthesis) and has various phenotypic manifestations. The review considers possible mechanisms of influence of the copy number of ribosomal genes on the development of such mental disorders as schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorders (ASD).

Conclusions: the copy number of transcribed ribosomal genes (genes for rRNA) is a possible factor of pathogenesis of such mental disorders as schizophrenia and ASD. The facts of high RG copy number in schizophrenia andlow RG copy number in rheumatoid arthritis can explain the well-known phenomenon of negative comorbidity of these two conditions. A hypothesis was put forward that alow copy number of transccribed RG in an individual genome can neutralize the impact of the mutations in mTOR signalling pathway, which evoke syndromal forms of autism, and various ways to check up the hypothesis were suggested.

The aim was to present the current foreign and domestic literature data on the treatment of anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders in part 2 of the review.

Results. Various classes of drugs with anxiolytic and antidepressant effects were considered as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Special attention was paid to the peptide regulation of anxiety as one of the perspective directions concerning the development of new drugs with anxiolytic activity. In this vein, the data of our own study, regarding the efficacy and safety of therapy of patients with anxiety-hypochondriac disorders using peptide drug Selank in combination with benzodiazepine tranquilizer phenazepam, was presented.

Conclusions. The obtained data expands the possibilities of pathogenetic therapy of anxiety spectrum disorders.

Long-term observations of patients in child/adolescent clinical and social psychiatry contribute to solving problems of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of this contingent of patients.

Purpose of the review was to present according to scientific publications the historical view and the current state of the problem of clinical and social consequences of childhood and adolescent disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum (DSS), information on the course of which was obtained throughlong follow-up of patients.

Material and method. The analysis of the published researches devoted to thelong tracing of the patients who fell ill with DSS in the childhood-adolescence is carried out.

Results. It is shown that early debuting DSS areless benign than adults. Researchers recognize that patients who became ill in childhood are a special clinically defined group Having reached adulthood they demonstrate a partial or total unformed age social skills, intellectual failure, underdeveloped personality. Their aduttlife is characterized by a reduced level of social functioning. The severity of childhood schizophrenia and DSS is evidenced by a high percentage of children who remain disabled after reaching adulthood.

Conclusions. Studying the clinical and social consequences of children's and adolescent forms of RCS is an actual problem, longitudinal studies are one of the most accurate tools for developing these issues.

The aim of the review is to prove that EEG coherence is a reflection of brain neuroplasticity processes in mental pathology.

Method. Systematic review.

The contents of review: the data is presented on neuroplasticity as one of pathophysiological mechanisms of functional disconnection of brain structures which leads to disorganization of brain functions and is considered as one of basic aspects of pathogenesis of such severe mental disorders as schizophrenia and affective disorders. The specificities of parameters of brain electrical activity — EEG coherence directly reflecting the degree of connections between different cortical regions are described in patients with schizophrenia, depression and a number of other mental disorders. The above data shows that EEG coherence parameters reflected the fine changes of brain functional state, including specific impairments of organization of intracortical neuronal connections in patients with various forms of mental pathology in comparison with the norm. EEG coherence together with other EEG parameters may be used for pathophysiological and differential-diagnostic justifications as well as for prediction of treatment efficiency.

Conclusion. Specific deviations of parameters of EEG coherence in mental patients from norm and their partial normalization in dynamics of treatment allow considering the parameters of EEG coherence as reflection of destructive and reparative processes of neuroplasticity playing the important role in pathogenesis of many severe and socially significant mental disorders, including schizophrenia and depression.

Objective: to provide historical aspects and a modern literature review of phenomenology, classification and therapy of attenuated psychotic symptoms in the juvenile depression.

Materials and methods:The search for literature was conducted using the international database Webofscienceand the Russian information portal e-library. The most relevant works have included in this review with the key words «juvenile depression», «attenuated psychotic symptoms», «psychotic risk».

Conclusion.The review presents the syndromologicaland pathogeneticaspects of the affective symptomsand attenuated psychotic symptoms, the historical issues ofattenuated psychotic symptoms, including their classification, psychosis risk value and therapy.

Objective is to overview of the alpha-l-adrenoceptor dysfunction involvement in the various mental disorders pathogenesis and it is aimed to identify the most promising areas of clinical and pilot studies.

Results: among medications interacting with alpha-l-adrenoceptors the highest significance has been demonstrated for their antagonists. Generally, studies on the role of alpha-l-adrenoceptors yielded most promising results in the fields of neurocognitive disorders, stress-related disorders and schizophrenia. In these disorders selective alpha-l-adrenoblockers penetrating through the blood-brain barrier are reasonable candidates for the clinical evaluation.

Conclusion: active study of alpha-l-adrenoceptors and its disfunction determine pathway mechanisms and perspectives of therapeutical intervention.

Background. Discirculatory encephalopathy (DEP) is a chronic progressive form of cerebrovascular failure which is characterized by the development of multicentric or diffuse brain lesions.

The objective of work was to present the review of current methods of treatment of discirculatory encephalopathy.

Results. DEP treatment should be held complexly. It should include measures for prevention of further damage of brain vessels and medullary substance, improvement andlongterm stabilization of cognitive functioning, and correction of other clinical manifestations of the disease. Impact on vascular risk factors, first of all correct hypotensive therapy is the most effective measure for prevention of further progression of the disease especially at an early stage of its development

Conclusion. Taking into consideration the multifold character of DEP pathogeny, combination of means, influencing various mechanisms of the development of the disease and its separate symptoms, seems the most promising.